Table 1.
Summary of quantitative data obtained from peer-reviewed publications for R. amblyommatis-infected wild ticks collected globally. This table includes the location in which they were collected, the species of tick, the infection prevalence, and the collection type. Studies were included if R. amblyommatis was confirmed through conventional PCR and sequencing analysis.
| Location | Species of Tick | Infection Prevalence % a | Collection Type | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AR, USA | A. maculatum | 28% (58/207) | Off-host (white-tailed deer, dogs) | [54] |
| AR, USA | A. americanum | 41.9% (463) b | Vegetation | [55] |
| AR, USA | A. americanum, A. maculatum, I. scapularis, Amblyomma spp. | NA c | Off-host (white-tailed deer, dogs) | [56] |
| AR, USA | A. americanum | 98% (42/43 pools) | Flagging, CO2 Trapping | [57] |
| FL, USA | A. americanum | 29% (391/1312) | Flagging | [58] |
| FL, USA | A. americanum | 29.5% (52/176) | Dragging | [50] |
| FL, USA | A. americanum | 38.0% (223/588) | Dragging | [51] |
| FL, USA | A. americanum | 57.1% (845/1479) | Flagging | [59] |
| FL, USA | A. americanum | 37.1% (56/151) | Flagging | [47] |
| FL, USA | A. americanum, D. variabilis | 57.3% (63/110), 35% (6/17) | Off-host (wild pig) | [60] |
| FL, USA | A. americanum, A. maculatum | 27.8% (5/18), 16.7% (1/6) | Black bears | [61] |
| GA, USA | A. americanum | 0.52% (1/194) | Dogs | [62] |
| GA, USA | A. americanum, D. variabilis, A. maculatum | 27.5% (117/426), 1.4% (2/142), 9.1% (4/22) | Off-host (humans) | [53] |
| GA, USA | A. americanum | 87% of pools (519/598) | Flagging | [63] |
| GA, USA | A. americanum | 44.7% (315/704) | Flagging | [47] |
| Guam, Marianna Islands, USA | A. breviscutatum, R. microplus | 2.67% (3/112) | Off-host (wild pig, Philippine deer) | [64] |
| IA, USA | A. americanum | 57.9% (11/19) | Flagging | [47] |
| KS, USA | A. americanum, D. variabilis | 93% nymphal pools, 94% adult pools, and 4.7% (169) | Dragging | [65] |
| KY, USA | A. americanum, D. variabilis | 27.8% (30/108), 1.1% (2/179) | Off-host (canine, hog, horse, raccoon, white-tailed deer, human) | [66] |
| KY, USA | D. variabilis | 0.8% (1/124) | Unknown e | [67] |
| LA, USA | A. americanum | 60% (3/5) | Off-host (black bears) | [41] |
| MD, USA | A. americanum | 87.9% (29/33 pools), 90% (27/30 individuals) | Flagging | [68] |
| MD, USA | A. americanum | 64.50% d | Dragging | [69] |
| MO, USA | A. americanum | 3.2% (40/1269) | Field surveillance | [70] |
| MO, USA | A. americanum, D. variabilis, I. scapularis | 89% (24/27 pools), 100% (7/7 pools), 50% (1/2) | Flagging | [71] |
| MO, USA | A. americanum | 74% (213/288) | Dragging, CO2 bait traps, Off-host (human) | [72] |
| MS, USA | A. americanum | 92.4% (73/79) | Dragging | [73] |
| NC, USA | A. americanum, A. maculatum, D. variabilis, I. scapularis | 90.9% (412/453), 28.6% (2/7), 20% (1/5), 8.3% (1/12) | Off-host (humans) | [40] |
| NC, USA | D. variabilis | 29.3% (156/532) | Flagging | [74] |
| NC, USA | A. americanum, D. variabilis | 56.4% (871/1590), 11.1% (4/36) | Flagging | [75] |
| NC, USA | A. americanum | 55.2% (216/391) | Flagging | [47] |
| Northeast, USA | D. variabilis | 1.7% (3/181) | Off-host (dogs) | [76] |
| NJ, USA | A. americanum | 6.6% (8/121) | Flagging | [47] |
| NJ, USA | A. americanum | 25% (465/1858) | Dragging | [77] |
| NJ, USA | A. americanum | 20% (49/245) | Sweeping vegetation | [78] |
| NJ, USA | A. americanum | 12.8% (36/281) | Dragging and standard walking | [79] |
| NY, USA | A. americanum | 58.35% (394/676) | Flagging | [80] |
| NY, USA | D. variabilis | 8.3% (1/12) | Unknown e | [67] |
| NY, USA | A. americanum | 41.7% (198/475) | Flagging | [47] |
| OH, USA | A. americanum | 30.2% (93/308) | Off-host (humans), Flagging | [81] |
| OH, USA | A. americanum | 38% (8/21) | Humans | [82] |
| OK, USA | A. americanum | 10% (6/60) | Flagging | [47] |
| OK, USA | A. americanum | 33.6% (146/434) | Unknown e | [83] |
| OK, USA | A. americanum | 17.6% (123/700) | Dry Ice Traps | [84] |
| RI, USA | A. americanum | 47.4% (18/38) | Flagging | [47] |
| SC, USA | A. americanum | 11.7% (545) b | Off-Vegetation | [55] |
| SC, USA | A. americanum | 45.6% (36/79) | Flagging | [47] |
| SC, USA | A. americanum, D. variabilis | 80% (84/105), 66.7% (10/15) | Off-host (Wild Pig) | [60] |
| TN, USA | A. americanum | 16.6% (96) b | Vegetation | [55] |
| TN, USA | A. americanum, D. variabilis | 40% (255/655), 2.5% (14/555) | Off-host (humans, wild animals, dogs) | [85] |
| TN, USA | A. americanum | 4.9% (45/926) | Dragging, CO2 baited trap | [86] |
| TX, USA | A. auricularium, A. geayi, A. longirostre | 28.6% (2/7), 33.3% (1/3), 11.9% (5/42) | Off-host (wild birds) | [87] |
| TX, USA | A. americanum, I. scapularis | 50% (41/82), 1.47% (2/136) | Dragging | [88] |
| TX, USA | A. americanum | 100% (68/68 pools) | Dry ice trapping, Dragging, and Flagging | [89] |
| TX, USA | A. inornatum | 100% (3/3) | Off-host (deer) | [90] |
| TX, USA | A. inornatum | Unknown g | CO2 Traps | [91] |
| TX, USA | A. americanum, A. cajennense | 30.3% (179), 32.3% (10) f | Off-host (humans) | [92] |
| VA, USA | A. americanum | 72.8% (pools) | Dragging | [93] |
| VA, USA | A. americanum | 80.3% of pools d | Flagging | [94] |
| VA, USA | D. variabilis | 4.2% (9/214) | Unknown e | [67] |
| VA, USA | A. americanum | 19% (65/340) | Dragging | [95] |
| USA | D. variabilis | 0.1% (7/5286) | Off-host (humans) | [96] |
| USA | A. americanum | 80.5% (58/72 pools), 66.5% (244/367) | Off-host (humans) | [48] |
| Córdoba, Argentina | A. neumanni | 23.6 (13/55) | Walking Survey, CO2 traps | [97] |
| Northern Argentina | A. neumanni | 21% (3/14) | Off-host and Flagging | [98] |
| Salta, Argentina | A. hadanii, A. neumannii | 21.3% (27/127), 44.4% (8/18) | Dragging | [99] |
| Salta, Argentina | A. tonelliae | 1.47% (1/68) | Dragging | [100] |
| Argentina | A. hadanii | 1.6% (1/60) | Vegetation and Off-host (cattle) | [101] |
| Australia | I. tasmani | 28.2% (22/78) | Off-host (koalas) | [102] |
| Belize | A. pacae | 100% (1/1) | Off-host (spotted paca) | [103] |
| Belize | A. cajennense, A. maculatum | 55.1% (81/147), 66.7% (2/3) | Off-host (dog) | [104] |
| Acre, Brazil | A. humerale | 33.3% (1/3) of A. humerale | Off-host (capybara) | [105] |
| Acre, Brazil | A. longirostre, A. geayi | 62.5% (5/8), 50% (1/2) | Off-host (wild birds) | [106] |
| Acre, Brazil | A. rotundatum | 14.3% (1/7) | Off-host (Amazon tree boa) | [107] |
| Amazonas, Brazil | A. humerale | 2.17% (1/46) | Off-host (tegu) | [108] |
| Bahia, Brazil | A. longirostre | 15.4% (2/13) | Off-host (wild birds) | [109] |
| Bahia, Brazil | A. longirostre, A. varium | 24.4% (11/45), 20% (1/5) | Off-host (wild birds) | [110] |
| Bahia, Brazil | A. longirostre | 23.7% (9/38) | Off-host (thin-spined porcupine and hairy dwarf porcupine) | [111] |
| Bahia, Brazil | A. auricularium, Ambylomma spp. larvae | 57.5% (46/80) | Off-host (gray short-tailed opossum, rodent, Brazilian three-banded armadillo) | [112] |
| Espírito Santo, Brazil | A. humerale | 50% (5/10) | Off-host (tortoise) | [113] |
| Maranhão, Brazil | A. cajennense | 1% (1/100) | Off-host (dogs) | [114] |
| Maranhão, Brazil | A. cajennense | 16.7% (3/18) | Off-host (horses) | [115] |
| Mato Grosso, Brazil | A. cajennense | 0.45% (3/665) | Off-host (horse, donkey) | [116] |
| Mato Grosso, Brazil | A. cajennense | 31% (5/16 pools) | Off-host (human) and flagging | [117] |
| Mato Grosso, Brazil | A. auricularium, A. cajennense | 100% (1/1), 69.4% (136/196) | Off-host (wild animals) | [118] |
| Mato Grosso, Brazil | A. cajennense, A. ovale | 3.3% (5/152), 15.4% (2/13) | Off-host (dogs) | [119] |
| Mato Grosso, Brazil | A. cajennense, A. coelebs | 38.4% (10/26), 70% (7/10) | Off-host | [120] |
| Mato Grosso, Brazil | A. sculptum | 1.2% (1/85 pools) | Off-host (Azara’s agouti) | [121] |
| Mato Grosso, Brazil | A. longirostre | 45.5% (5/9) | Off-host (wild birds) | [122] |
| Mato Grosso, Brazil | A. dubitatum | 5% (1/20) | Off-host (dog) | [123] |
| Mato Grosso, Brazil | A. cajennense, A. coelebs, A. humerale, Amblyomma spp. | NA g | Off-host (rodents, marsupials) | [124] |
| Minas Gerais, Brazil | A. longirostre | (13/49; 26%) | Off-host (wild birds) | [125] |
| Pará, Brazil | A. longirostre, A. humerale. | 70% (7/10), 22.2 % (2/9) | Off-host (wild animals) | [118] |
| Pará, Brazil | A. longirostre, A. geayi | 56.7% (38/67), 57.1% (4/7) | Off-host (birds) | [126] |
| Paraíba, Brazil | A. auricularium, A. longirostre | 23.1% (3/13), 45.5% (10/22) | Off-host (wild birds) | [127] |
| Paraná, Brazil | A. longirostre | 32.3% (11/34) | Off-host (wild Birds) | [128] |
| Paraná, Brazil | A. coelebs | 1.9% (8/420) | Off-host (ring-tailed coatis) | [129] |
| Pernambuco, Brazil | A. auricularium | 20% (1/5) | Off-host (rodent) | [130] |
| Pernambuco, Brazil | A. auricularium | 53.3% (8/15) | Off-host (skunk, rabbit) | [131] |
| Pernambuco, Brazil | A. pseudoconcolor | 90.9% (10/11) | Off-host (dog, six-banded armadillo) | [132] |
| Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil | A. auricularium | 11.1% (14/126 individuals and pools) | Off-host (white-eared opossum and xix-banded armadillo) | [133] |
| Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil | A. longirostre | 66.7% (2/3) | Off-vegetation, Dragging | [134] |
| Rondônia, Brazil | A. coelebs, A. cajennense | 14.3% (1/7), 26.8% (11/41) | Off-vegetation | [135] |
| Rondônia, Brazil | A. cajennense, A. oblongoguttatum | 6.3% (2/32) + 2 pools, 16.7% (1/6) | CO2 traps; drag flagging; off-vegetation | [136] |
| Santa Catarina, Brazil | A. longirostre | 100% (1/1) | Unknown e | [137] |
| São Paulo, Brazil | A. coelebs | Unknown g | Off-vegetation | [138] |
| Brazil | A. calcaratum, A. longirostre | 50% (1/2), 12.3% (9/73) | Off-host (wild Birds) | [139] |
| Brazil | A. sculptum | 0.5% (1/200) | Dragging | [140] |
| Chile | Ornithodoros sp. | 100% (4/4) | Off-host (rodent) | [141] |
| Caldas, Colombia | A. longirostre, A. varium, Ixodes sp. | 6.67% (3/45), 66.6% (2/3), 11.1% (1/9) | Off-host (wild Birds) | [142] |
| Villeta, Colombia | A. cajennense | 9.1% (1/11) | Off-host (humans) | [143] |
| Costa Rica | A. cajennense | 66.7% (10/15) | Off-host (horse) | [144] |
| Costa Rica | A. mixtum, A. ovale, D. nitens, R. sanguineus | NA g | Off-host (horses, cows, humans, dogs) and off-vegetation | [145] |
| Costa Rica | R. sanguineus | 16.7% (1/6 pools) | Off-host (dogs) | [146] |
| Costa Rica | A. longirostre, A. geayi | 7.4% (4/54 pools), 3.7% (2/54 pools) | Off-host (wild birds) | [147] |
| Cuba | A. mixtum | 35.7% (5/14) | Off-host (horses) | [148] |
| Cuba | A. mixtum, Amblyomma spp. | 73% pools (422) f | Off-host (horses and dogs) | [149] |
| El Salvador | A. mixtum, A. parvum, D. nitens, Amblyomma spp. | 77% (10/13), 50% (8/16), 8% (1/13), 11% (1/9) | Off-host (wild and domestic animals) | [150] |
| Regina, French Guiana | A. coelebs | 15.4% (2/13) | Off-host (white-lipped peccaries) | [151] |
| French Guiana | A. cajennense, many more | 25% f, NA g,f | Dragging, Flagging, Off-host | [152] |
| Honduras | A. longirostre, A. mixtum | 14% (1/7), 80% (4/5) | Off-host (wild birds, humans) | [153] |
| Reynosa, Mexico | R. sanguineus | 1% (3/292) | Off-host (domestic dogs) | [154] |
| Mexico | A. mixtum, A. oblongoguttatum, A. parvum | 33.5% (59/176), 3.17% (2/63), 5.7% (3/53) | Off-vegetation, Off-host (possum, ocelot, white-nosed coati) | [155] |
| Mexico | A. maculatum, A. mixtum | 9.8% (5/51), 13.2% (17/129) | Off-host (wild pigs) | [156] |
| Mexico | A. mixtum | 50% (1/2) | Off-host (iguana) | [157] |
| Mexico | A. mixtum | 40% (2/5) | Human | [158] |
| Nicaragua | A. ovale | 100% (1/1 pools) | Off-host (dogs) | [146] |
| Pakistan | R. microplus, H. anatolicum, and H. dromedarii | 4%(21/514) f | Off-host (buffalo, cattle, sheep, goat, donkey, camel) | [159] |
| Panama | A. mixtum, H. juxtakochi, Amblyomma spp. | 27.8% (5/18), 4.3% (1/23), 8.2% (12/146 pools) | Dragging | [160] |
| Panama | A. mixtum | 94.1% (48/51) | Off-host (tapir, horses) | [42] |
| Panama | A. cajennense, A. oblongoguttatum, A. ovale, R. sanguineus | 86.4% (38/44), 50% (2/4), 27.9% (12/43), 3.1% (2/64) | Off-host (dogs, horses, pig) | [161] |
| Panama | A. cajennense, D. nitens, R. sanguineus | 36.7% (11/30), 27.4% (17/62), 12.3% (7/57) | Off-host (horses, dogs) | [162] |
| Panama | A. mixtum, H. Juxtakochi, Immature Amblyomma spp. | 27.8% (5/18), 4.6% (3/65), 11.5% (12/104) | Dragging | [160] |
| Paraguay | A. longirostre | 11.8% (2/17) | Off-host (wild birds) | [163] |
a An infection prevalence % is calculated by dividing the number of ticks (in each species) reported to test positive for R. amblyommatis by the total number of ticks collected of that species and multiplying by 100. Values are listed in the respective order of the species listed in the species column. b Unable to locate the number of ticks infected in publication. c Unable to report infection prevalence % as not all positive tick samples were sequenced in this study. d This value is an average infection prevalence over a two-year period. e The publication did not specify the collection type. f The total number of ticks collected for each species not reported in the study. g Unable to calculate infection prevalence % with the information given in the study.