Figure 2.

Spatiotemporal diffusion of H14 viruses reported worldwide (n = 62) during 1982–2019. Geographic location of H14 viruses from Guatemala (blue), North America (orange), and Eurasia (green) are shown. (A) Time-scaled maximum clade credibility (MCC) tree inferred for the hemagglutinin gene (HA). Branches are colored according to geographic location. Collection season of Guatemalan H14 is indicated by color. HA cleavage motif is shown for each isolate. Alternative amino acids in the HA cleavage motifs from Guatemalan H14 are shown in red, while the amino acid HA cleavage motif found in North America and Eurasia is shown in blue. Posterior probabilities > 0.9 are included for key nodes. (B) Spatial diffusion of H14 viruses. Yellow circles represent discrete geographical locations of H14 viruses and lines represent branches in the MCC tree along with where the relevant location transition occurs. The diameter of circles represents the number of lineages with that location. H14 viruses’ location sites were coded as discrete geographical locations: Guatemala (n = 40), North America (Arkansas = 1, California = 2, Mississippi = 1, Missouri = 2, Ohio = 1, Texas = 2, and Wisconsin = 5), and Eurasia (Russia = 4, Ukraine = 1, Kazakhstan = 2, Pakistan = 1). Location where H14 viruses have been identified were plotted as a centroid of a state or city to enable its visualization. Main North American migratory flyways (Pacific flyway in green, Central flyway in dark blue, Mississippi flyway in purple, and Atlantic flyway in yellow) are depicted from the US through Guatemala. Representation of the discrete geographic location transitions of H14 viruses are included showing the highest Bayes factor supported transition rates among these locations. Westward and eastward movements are depicted by upward and downward curvature lines, respectively.