Table 4.
List of the papers focused on pure cellulose and derivatives based composites functionalised with GO(rGO) for wound healing application.
| Year | Material | Cellulose Biosource |
GO Processes | Crosslinker/ Gelling Agents |
Inorganic/Organic Compounds Embedded |
Physico-Chemical and Mechanical Properties | In Vitro Outcomes | In Vivo Outcomes | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pure cellulose | |||||||||
| 2022 | GO/DCC | Cotton linter pulp | Hummers method | ECH:DCC | - | σcomp = 0.05–13.6 Mpa; wcomp = 0.05–1.47 MJ/m3); σtens = 0.02–2.8 Mpa; wtens = 0.01–1.49 MJ/m3 G′ = 0.4–1.5 Pa (GO effect) G″ = 5.8–12.8 Pa (GO effect) G′ = 2037 Pa at 1 rad/s (ECH effect) |
E. coli death 96.6% S. aureus death 100% (8% wt GO, NIR irradiation 2 W/cm, 808 nm, 240 s) |
- | [127] |
| Cellulose-derivatives without bioactive compounds | |||||||||
| 2019 | rGO/CMC | chemically modified | rGO oxidation by NaOH | HDF cells viability (>90%) S. aureus biofilm reduction 81–84%. P. aeruginosa biofilm reduction 51–62% S. aureus biofilm thickness reduction 47%, P. aeruginosa biofilm thickness reduction 40% |
Higher biofilm inhibition in C. elegants infected with S. aureus than P. aeruginosa. |
[128] | |||
| 2021 | GO/CMC | chemically modified | Hummers method | EA.hy926 migration promotion and increasing of the wound closure rate |
Increase of newly formed blood vessels in number and in size. Highly densely packed collagen deposition. |
[129] | |||
| Cellulose-derivatives with bioactive compounds | |||||||||
| 2019 | AGO/HPC | chemically modified | Hummers method | Ag/ZnO | σtens = 19.4–28.8 Mpa |
E. coli inhibition zone 11.25–12.32 mm; S. aureus inhibition zone 12.18–13.76 mm |
Reduction of wound size after 8 days. Newborn blood vessels filled with red blood cells after 12 days | [130] | |
| 2021 | GO/TiO2/Cur/CA | chemically modified | GO/TiO2 nanocomposite by hydrothermal method | TiO2 Cur |
σtens = 35.45 Mpa; swelling ≈ 50–55% |
E. coli inhibition zone 19 ± 0.2 mm; S. aureus inhibition zone 17 ± 0.1 mm; P. aeruginosa inhibition zone 16.4 ± 0.2; E. faecalis inhibition zone 14 ± 0.2 mm. Wound closure 77 ± 4.18% (12 h)–96 ± 3.26% (24 h) |
[131] | ||
| 2022 | O/NA/CA | chemically modified | GO pyrolyzation of cellulose | NA (98%) | σ = 2.46 ± 0.022–4.94 ± 0.027 (·10−5 Mpa); ε = 53.95 ± 0.52–19.05 ± 0.24 %; E = 4.56–25.93 (10−7 Mpa). |
HeLa cells viability (>80%) S. aureus inhibitory zone 9.15 mm |
[132] | ||
| 2022 | GO/Cys/DAC GO/Meth/DAC GO/Cys/Meth/DAC |
chemically modified | Cys and Meth | B. subtilis inhibition zones (23 ± 0.53 mm and 17 ± 1.27 mm), S. aureus inhibition zones (21 ± 0.58 mm and 11 ± 0.69 mm), E. coli inhibition zones (12 ± 0.51 mm and 19 ± 1.01 mm), P. aeruginosa inhibition zones (24 ± 0.50 mm and 27 ± 0.95 mm), C. albicans inhibition zones (12 ± 0.53 mm and 23 ± 0.87 mm) and C. neoformans inhibition zones (22 ± 0.52 mm and 32 ± 0.93 mm) for DAC/GO/Cys and DAC/GO/Meth, respectively. | [133] | ||||
| Cellulose with polymeric blend | |||||||||
| 2018 | rGO/PVA/CMC | chemically modified | rGO reduction under sunlight via convex lens | PVA | EA.hy926 proliferation improved up to 72 h | Number of blood vessels increase 25–62% Blood vessels thickness increase 18.4–44.5% |
[134] | ||
| 2020 | rGO/Ag/PU/Cur/CA | chemically modified | Hummers method | PU | rGO/Ag Cur |
σyield = 0.7 Mpa, σmax = 3.75 Mpa, and E = 0.41 (rGO effect) σyield = 0.4 Mpa, σmax = 3.4 Mpa, and E = 0.29 (curcumin effect) |
P. aeruginosa death 100%, and S. aureus death 95%. | Wound healing ratio 100%. Collagen fibers deposition after 15 days |
[135] |
| 2020 | Ag-ZnO@GO/k-car/KG/CMC | chemically modified | Hummers method | k-car | Ag-ZnO KG |
σcomp ≈ 200 kPa; E ≈ 150 Mpa | L929 viability 100 % after 7 days. S. aureus death 96% and E. coli death 98%. | Faster ri-epithelialization process | [136] |
Abbreviations: GO, graphene oxide; DCC, double crosslinked cellulose; ECH, epichlorohydine; σcomp, stress at fracture; wcomp fracture strain; σtens, tensile strength; wtens work of fracture; G′, storage modulus; G″, viscous modulus; NIR, near-infrared radiation; MC, methylcellulose; EA.hy926, human vascular endothelial-derived cell line; rGO, reduced graphene oxide; CMC, carboxymethyl cellulose; HDF, human dermal fibroblasts; CA, cellulose acetate; NA, naproxen; σ, stress; ε, strain; E, Young’s modulus; HeLa, human tumoral epithelial cell; DAC, dialdehyde cellulose; Cys, cysteine; Meth, methionine; TiO2, titanium dioxide; Cur, curcumin; HPC, hydroxypropyl cellulose; AGO, GO-grafted silver coated zinc oxide; Ag, silver; ZnO, zinc oxide; PVA, polyvinyl alcohol; PU, polyurethane; σyield, ultimate strength; k-car, k-carrageenan; KG, Konjac Glucomannan; L929, murine dermal fibroblasts.