Table 1.

Epigenetic mechanisms related to SLE pathogenesis.

Epigenetic Mechanisms	Change in SLE	Outcomes	References
DNA methylation	Hypomethylation of CD40L promotor in CD40+ T cells	Association with clinical disease activity	Vordenbäumen et al., 2021 [17]
	Hypomethylation of IL-10 and IL-13 gene regulatory domains	Overexpression of IL-10 and IL-13	Zhao et al., 2010 [18]
ncRNAs	Overexpression of miR-29b	Reduction of DNMT1 levels, DNA hypomethylation, and upregulation of genes encoding CD11 and CD70	Qin et al., 2013 [19]
	Overexpression of miR-126 in CD4+ T cells	Contribution to T cell autoreactivity by targeting DNMT1	Zhao et al., 2011 [20]
	Reduced expression of miR-142-3p/5p in CD4+ T cells	T cell hyperactivity and B cell hyperstimulation	Ding et al., 2020 [21]
Histone modifications	Elevated histone H3 acetylation in CD4+ T cells	Correlation with clinical disease activity	Zhou et al., 2011 [22]
	High methylation in the HDAC6 promoter	Lower HDAC6 levels and SLE susceptibility	Fang et al., 2016 [23]

SLE: systemic lupus erythematosus; DNMT1: DNA methyltransferase 1; HDAC6: histone deacetylases 6.