Table 3.
Mean concentrations of the VOCs detected in several sections of the characterized paint factories.
| a VOCs | b TLV-TWA (ppm) | Mean ± SD (µg m−3) (%) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| c OEM Production | d Production | e CED Production | Washing Salon-PC | f OEM Lab | g PC Lab | Dispatch | h CED Topcoat | ||
| Benzene i (LOD = 0.5) |
0.5 | 63.89 ± 0.27 (0.09%) |
447.25 ± 0.21 (0.33%) |
479.20 ± 0.23 (0.52%) |
1277.87 ± 0.32 (0.51%) | 31.94 ± 0.08 (0.24%) |
63.89 ± 0.65 (8.75%) |
63.89 ± 0.17 (0.37%) | 543.09 ± 0.73 (1.25%) |
| Toluene (LOD = 0.7) |
20 | 2110.36 ± 0.53 (2.98%) | 14,056.53 ± 0.56 (10.49%) | 46,088.84 ± 0.14 (50.26%) | 37,873.49 ± 0.13 (16.87%) | 527.59 ± 0.34 (4.04%) | 37.68 ± 0.43 (5.16%) | 452.22 ± 0.56 (2.63%) | 19,219.3 ± 0.41 (44.41%) |
| Ethylbenzene (LOD = 0.5) |
20 | 30,526.58 ± 0.18 (43.14%) | 22,232.73 ± 0.32 (16.59%) | 8337.27 ± 0.57 (9.09%) | 91,188.95 ± 0.34 (39.95%) | 2127.74 ± 0.45 (16.31%) | 43.42 ± 0.75 (5.94%) |
5992.41 ± 0.17 (34.85%) | 4081.79 ± 0.37 (9.43%) |
| m,p-Xylene (LOD = 0.7) |
20 | 37,473.61 ± 0.38 (52.95%) | 92,489.91 ± 0.65 (69.03%) | 35,997.24 ± 0.45 (39.260%) | 81,200.06 ± 0.45 (39.95%) | 8814.76 ± 0.76 (67.57%) | 43.42 ± 0.33 (5.95%) | 5688.34 ± 0.63 (33.09%) | 18,411.1 ± 0.18 (42.55%) |
| Styrene (LOD = 0.4) |
10 | 42.59 ± 0.42 (0.06%) | 42.59 ± 0.12 (0.03%) | 42.59 ± 0.24 (0.05%) | 85.19 ± 0.26 (0.03%) | 38.33 ± 0.18 (0.29%) | 42.59 ± 0.34 (5.84%) | 38.33 ± 0.69 (0.22%) | 85.19 ± 0.58 (0.22%) |
| n-Hexane (LOD = 0.4) |
50 | 35.24 ± 0.17 (0.05%) | 35.24 ± 0.68 (0.03%) | 70.49 ± 0.27 (0.08%) | 105.74 ± 0.18 (0.04%) | 35.24 ± 0.38 (0.27%) | 35.24 ± 0.19 (4.83%) | 35.24 ± 0.13 (0.21%) | 105.74 ± 0.65 (0.24%) |
| n-Heptane (LOD = 0.06) |
400 | 40.98 ± 0.14 (0.06%) | 40.98 ± 0.23 (0.03%) | 40.98 ± 0.18 (0.04%) | 81.97 ± 0.61 (0.03%) | 40.98 ± 0.37 (0.31%) | 40.98 ± 0.23 (5.61%) | 36.88 ± 0.25 (0.21%) | 81.97 ± 0.23 (0.19%) |
| n-Nonane (LOD = 0.04) |
200 | 52.43 ± 0.23 (0.07%) | 52.43 ± 0.13 (0.04%) | 52.43 ± 0.11 (0.06%) | 104.86 ± 0.76 (0.04%) | 314.6 ± 0.78 (2.41%) | 52.43 ± 0.12 (7.18%) | 41.94 ± 0.27 (0.24%) | 104.86 ± 0.28 (0.24%) |
| Trichloroethylene (LOD = 0.6) |
10 | 53.73 ± 0.23 (0.08%) | 53.73 ± 0.16 (0.04%) | 53.73 ± 0.23 (0.06%) | 53.73 ± 0.43 (0.04%) | 53.73 ± 0.17 (0.21%) | 53.73 ± 0.52 (7.36%) | 53.73 ± 0.48 (0.31%) | 107.47 ± 0.56 (0.25%) |
| Tetrachloroethylene (LOD = 2) |
25 | 67.82 ± 0.47 (0.10%) | 67.82 ± 0.73 (0.05%) | 47.47 ± 0.24 (0.05%) | 67.82 ± 0.23 (0.03%) | 67.828 ± 0.27 (0.36%) | 67.82 ± 0.33 (9.29%) | 67.828 ± 0.27 (0.39%) | 33.91 ± 0.15 (0.08%) |
| n-Butyl acetate (LOD = 0.9) |
150 | 47.51 ± 0.29 (0.07%) | 47.51 ± 0.39 (0.04%) | 47.51 ± 0.19 (0.05%) | 47.51 ± 0.21 (0.02%) | 28.51 ± 0.21 (0.22%) | 47.51 ± 0.19 (6.51%) | 28.51 ± 0.2 (0.17%) | 47.51 ± 0.24 (0.11%) |
| n-Octane (LOD = 0.3) |
300 | 46.72 ± 0.76 (0.07%) | 46.72 ± 0.21 (0.03%) | 46.72 ± 0.28 (0.05%) | 93.44 ± 0.81 (0.04%) | 280.32 ± 0.38 (2.15) | 46.72 ± 0.52 (6.40%) | 37.38 ± 0.84 (0.22%) | 93.44 ± 0.19 (0.22%) |
| n-Decane (LOD = 0.06) |
45 | 58.20 ± 0.65 (0.08%) | 58.20 ± 0.13 (0.04%) | 58.20 ± 0.72 (0.06%) | 116.39 ± 0.33 (0.05%) | 40.74 ± 0.73 (0.31%) | 58.20 ± 0.84 (7.97%) | 400.29± 0.12 (0.24%) | 116.39 ± 0.14 (0.27%) |
| Dichlorofluoromethane (LOD = 30) |
1000 | 97.65 ± 0.82 (0.14%) | 97.65 ± 0.95 (0.07%) | 97.65 ± 0.27 (0.11%) | 146.48 ± 0.38 (0.06%) | 48.83 ± 0.17 (0.37%) | 48.83 ± 0.79 (6.69%) | 4589.66 ± 0.29 (26.70%) | 146.48 ± 0.48 (0.34%) |
| Acetone (LOD = 20) |
500 | 47.52 ± 0.21 (0.07%) | 4205.29 ± 0.64 (3.14%) | 237.59 ± 0.84 (0.26%) | 5702.09 ± 0.46 (2.31%) | 641.48 ± 0.33 (4.92%) | 47.52 ± 0.25 (6.51%) | 23.76 ± 0.57 (0.14%) | 95.03 ± 0.52 (0.22%) |
a VOCs: volatile organic compounds. b TLV-TWA (ppm): threshold limit value–Time-Weighted Average. c OEM production: original equipment manufacturer color production. d PC production: plastic color production. e CED production: cathodic electro deposition production. f OEM lab: original equipment manufacturer color laboratory. g PC lab: plastic color laboratory. h CED topcoat: cathodic electro deposition topcoat. i Limit of detection (μg m−3).