Table 4.
Detailed nanovaccine strategies reported against TiLV infection.
| Vaccine Type | Nanoparticle-Based Vaccines | |
|---|---|---|
| Vaccine Formulation | Chitosan-Formalin Inactivated TiLV-Complexed Nanovaccine (CN-KV) [107] | Biomimetic Mannose Modified Erythrocyte Membrane—DNA TiLV Segment 2 Nanovaccine (Cs-pS2@M-M) [108] |
| Adjuvant | - | - |
| Vaccine dose | 103 TCID50/mL | 10 μg |
| Number of fish vaccinated | 60 fish/experimental group | 60 fish/experimental group |
| Immunization regimen | 1 dose | 1 dose |
| Number of fish challenged | 10 fish I.P. challenged and reared in cohabitation with vaccinated fish (in a 1:3 ratio) | 33 fish I.P. challenged |
|
Vaccine efficacy
(RPS %) |
68.2% | 76.9% |
| Survival rate (%) | - | - |
| Antibody response | Increased TiLV-specific serum antibody response—only at 14 dpc (assessed by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay—ELISA) | High TiLV-specific serum antibody response (assessed by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay—ELISA). Significant upregulation of IgM |
| T-cell response | Not reported | Significant upregulation of IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-8, MHC-Iα and CC2 |