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. 2023 Jan 19;15(2):333. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020333

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© 2023 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Anti-inflammatory effect of curcumin loaded tomato-derived vesicles. (a) Pre-incubation and treatment conditions. Three different methods were used for loading according to Figure 6 and Table 2. As a control, curcumin was used at two different concentrations. Density gradient Fraction 8 was extruded (DGUC Fr. 8 extr., control) or loaded by direct incubation followed by DGUC purification (DGUC Fr. 8 Inc.), sonication (DGUC Fr. 8 son.) and anti-inflammatory effect was evaluated on THP-1 cell line measuring the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (b) IL-1β; (c) IL-6. All the tested conditions were significantly down-regulated compared with LPS (10 ng/mL) condition (ANOVA test followed by Dunnett’s post-hoc analysis; p ≤ 0.001).