Table 1.
Overview of the influence of substrate stiffness on ASC differentiation, adhesion, morphology, and proliferation. (PDMS: polydimethylsiloxane; ELP: elastin-like polypeptide; PTFE: polytetrafluoroethylene; PVA: polyvinyl alcohol; GO: graphene oxide; PEEU: polyetheresterurethane; ECM: extracellular matrix).
| Differentiation | Stiffness (kPa) | Soluble Factors | Material | Results | Ref. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adipogenic | 1.4–6 | + | PDMS | 2D | Spreading ↓, disorganized actin filaments, Oil Red O ↑, Rho A ↓, ROCK 1/2 ↓, proteins of Wnt/β-catenin pathway ↓ | [93] |
| 0.5 | − | Polyacrylamide | 2D | Spreading ↓, PPARγ n.a., Nile Red ↑ Neuronal: β3 tubulin ↑, MAP2 ↑ |
[92] | |
| 2 | − | Adipose ECM functionalized polyacrylamide | 2D | Rounded shape, spreading ↓, PPARγ ↑, CEBP ↑, ap2 ↑ | [98] | |
| 3 | + | Polyacrylamide | 2D | CEBPα ↑ | [81] | |
| ~4 | − | GelMA | 2D | PPARγ ↑ | [89] | |
| 5 | − | Polyacrylamide | 2D | Oil Red O ↑ | [90] | |
| 36 | + | Decellularized adipose tissue | 2D | Proliferation ↑, PPAR γ n.a., LPL ↑, adiponectin ↑; PLIN ↑, perilipin ↑ | [82] | |
| 46 | + | PDMS | 2D | Spreading ↓, β-catenin ↓, Oil Red O ↑, PPARγ ↑, CEBPα ↑ | [62] | |
| Myogenic | ~12 | − | GelMA | 2D | MyoD ↑ | [89] |
| Chondrogenic | 8 | + | Methacylated hyaluronan | 3D | Aggrecan ↑, collagen type II ↑, SOX9 ↓ | [83] |
| Osteogenic | 35 | + | Polyacrylamide | 2D | RUNX2 ↑, ALP ↑ | [81] |
| 37 | − | Polyacrylamide | 2D | ALP ↑, COL1A1 ↑, OCN ↑ | [90] | |
| 53.6–134 | + | PDMS | 2D | Spreading ↑, polygonal shape, bundled actin fibers, Alizarin Red ↑, Rho A ↑, Rock 1/2 ↑, proteins of Wnt/β-catenin pathway ↑ | [93] | |
| 61.8 | + | ELP-collagen | 3D | ALP ↑, osteocalcin ↑, Alizarin Red ↑ | [86] | |
| 660 | + | PTFE/PVA(/GO) | 2D | Alizarin Red ↑, ALP ↑, RUNX2 ↑, osteoclacin ↑, osteonectin ↑ | [99] | |
| 1000 | + | PDMS | 2D | Spreading ↑, β-catenin ↑, ALP ↑, RUNX ↑, OSX ↑ | [62] | |
| 4500 | − | Electrospun PEEU | 2D | Osteocalcin ↑, ALP ↑, hydroxyapatite ↑ | [100] |