Table 3.

Main characteristics of the included papers: authors (year), country, design, length of study, psychological and/or cognitive measures, other measures, type of technology used, and psychological and/or cognitive symptoms managed.

Authors	Country	Design	Treatment Length and Description	Psychological Well-Being/Cognitive Measures	Other Measures	Type of Technology Used	Psychological/ Cognitive Symptoms Managed
Chan et al. (2016) [22]	Australia	Experimental, single-group uncontrolled open trial design with symptom assessment at pre-treatment, immediately post-treatment, and follow-up assessment. n = 22	5 lessons with a total duration of 8 weeks (cognitive and behavioral skills for psychological distress management).	PHQ-9 GAD-7 K10 SDS SF12v2 MINI	KDLS BKDS	iCBT using telephone calls and emails.	General psychological distress, depression, anxiety, quality of life, and kidney disease-related loss.
Jahromi et al. (2016) [56]	Iran	Single-blind randomized clinical trial. Self-care training group (CG): n = 30 Self-care training with telephone follow-up group (IG): n = 30	CG: information not available. IG: 24 phone calls with a duration of 20 min each (in 8 weeks) and 5 instructional sessions and instruction booklet.	SUPPH		Telephone assistance.	Self-efficacy (positive attitudes, stress, and decision-making).
Gross et al. (2017) [55]	United States of America	Experimental, randomized, active-controlled, open-label trial with a follow-up assessment. tSupport (active CG): n = 28 tMBSR (IG): n = 27	CG: two 1.5 h workshops and six 1 h weekly teleconferences. IG: 1 session per week for a total of 8 weeks. In-person 3 h workshops in w1 and w8 and 1.5-h group teleconferences in w2 to w7.	STAI SF-12v2 (PCS, MCS, and pain interference item) CES-D PSQI PROMIS-Fatigue Short Form		Workshop in teleconference format.	Anxiety, depression, fatigue, and health-related quality of life.
Maynard et al. (2019) [28]	Brazil	Experimental, randomized controlled trial. CG: n = 20 IG: n = 20	CG: maintained only HD. IG: performed exergames 30–60 min-sessions, 3 times per week for 12 weeks.	KDQoL-SF CES-D	Blood pressure, respiratory rate, pulse, and oxygen saturation. Walking speed. Timed up and go. DASI	VR games.	Quality of life and depressive symptoms.
Nguyen et al. (2019) [58]	Australia	Experimental, single-blind pragmatic randomized controlled trial with 1:1 allocation into two parallel groups with repeated measures and follow-up assessment. CG: n = 67 IG: n = 68	CG: usual CKD care. IG: 12-week self-management intervention (CKD booklet, a handout, 1 face-to-face session, and 2 follow-up sessions). Follow-up assessment at w4 and w12.	CKD-SM KiKS SECD SF-36v2		tSupport.	Self-management behavior, self-efficacy, and health-related quality of life.
Chou et al. (2020) [54]	Taiwan	Quasi-experimental study design to analyze pre- and post-test measures. CG: n = 32 IG: n = 32	CG: usual routine care (advice on physical activities). IG: 30 min VR sessions, 3 times per week for 4 weeks.	NFSHD		VR exercise program using Nintendo Wii Fit.	Fatigue (reduction in vigor and motivation, mental ability, distress, loss of control in mood).
Jakubowski et al. (2020) [24]	United States of America	Experimental, single-center pilot feasibility study with a follow-up assessment. n = 10	One 45–60 min-session per week for 8 weeks.	FACIT-F CES-D SF-36 (PCS and MCS summary scores)		Online video-conferencing platform (Vidyo).	Fatigue, depression, and quality of life.
Li et al. (2020) [57]	Taiwan	Experimental, two-arm randomized controlled trial with a pretest-posttest design. CG: n = 30 IG: n = 30	Wearables were given to all the participants, and they maintained dietary diaries using a smartphone app. IG: additionally, they had 90 days of diet, exercise, and self-management education and interacted with each other through a social media group.	KDQoL SF-36 The self-efficacy questionnaire The self-management questionnaire		Wearable devices (wristband). A health management platform (LINE) application	Self-efficacy (problem-solving, partnership), self-management (partnership, compliance, self-care, and problem-solving), quality of life (cognitive function, sexual function, sleep, quality of social interaction).
Zhou et al. (2020) [30]	United States of America	Experimental, randomized controlled trial. SG: n = 36 EG: n = 37	SG: 30 min weightless foot rotation intradialytic exercise program without technology. EG: 30 min intradialytic exergame sessions, 3 times per week for 4 weeks.	CES-D	TAM Revised	Intradialytic exergame (virtually supervised) and working memory (dual task). Wearable sensors for foot rotation and laptop.	Depressive symptoms
Dingwall et al. (2021) [45]	Australia	Experimental, three-arm, waitlist, single-blind randomized controlled trial with 2:2:1 allocation ratio and follow-up assessment. Treatment as usual/DSS treatment after 3 months (TAU/DSS): n = 33 Contact control/DSS treatment (HepB/DSS): n = 61 Immediate treatment (ISS): n = 62	TAU/DSS: Questionnaires at baseline + follow-up assessment using SS app. Hep B/DSS: 20-min contact with researcher at baseline + 20-min session after 2–4 weeks + follow-up assessment using SS app. ISS: 20 min interview at baseline + 20 min session within 2–4 weeks + follow-up assessment.	K10 Adapted PHQ-9 EQ-5D		ISS App Hep B App Text message or phone call	Psychological distress, depressive symptoms, and quality of life (self-care, anxiety, and depression).
Hernandez et al. (2021) [32]	United States of America	Experimental, single-arm proof-of-concept trial. n = 20	25 min program repeated on two separate occasions during consecutive HD treatment sessions (1 month).		SSQ IPQ SUS	Joviality fully immersive VR mindfulness/meditation program.	Discomfort, safety, and acceptability.
Donald et al. (2022) [31]	Canada	Explanatory sequential mixed-methods study with a follow-up assessment. n = 33	8 weeks access to MKMH website and 30 min. telephone interviews within 1 month.	CDSES	eHEALS TAM Google Analytics	MKMH website Telephoneinterviews	Self-efficacy.
Sarker et al. (2022) [59]	Bangladesh	Experimental, parallel-group randomized controlled trial with a follow-up assessment. CG: n = 63 IG: n = 63	CG: standard treatment. IG: health education for 6 months, with phone calls once every 2 weeks.	EQ-5D	KiKN	Health education over a mobile phone call using mHealth technology.	Quality of life and motivation for a healthy lifestyle.

Abbreviations: BKDS (Burden Kidney Disease Scale); CDSES (Chronic Disease Self-Efficacy Scale); CES-D (Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale); CG (Control Group); CKD (Chronic Kidney Disease); CKD-SM (CKD Self-Management modified); DASI (Duke Activity Status Index); DSS (Delayed Stay Strong); EG (Exercise Group); eHEALS (eHealth Literacy Scale); EQ-5D (European Quality of Life); FACIT-F (Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy Fatigue); GAD-7 (Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-ItemScale); Hep B (The Hep B Story); iCBT (Internet-delivered Cognitive Behavioral Therapy); IG (Intervention Group); IPQ (IGroup Presence Questionnaire); ISS (Immediate Stay Strong); K10 (Kessler Distress Scale); KDLS (Kidney Disease Loss Scale); KDQoL (Kidney Disease Quality of Life); KDQoL-SF (Kidney Disease and Quality-of-Life Short-Form); KiKN (Kidney Knowledge Questionnaire); KiKS (Kidney Disease Knowledge Survey); MCS (Mental Component Summaries); Min (minutes); MINI (Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview); MKMH (My Kidneys My Health); NFSHD (Novel Fatigue Scale for Hemodialysis); PCS (Physical Component Summaries); PHQ-9 (Patient Health Questionnaire-9 Item); PSQI (The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index); SDS (Sheehan Disability Scale); SECD (Self-Efficacy for Managing Chronic Disease); SF-12v2 (Short Form 12); SF-36 (Short Form 36 Health Survey); SF-36v2 (Short Form 36); SG (Supervised Exercise Group); SS (Stay Strong); SSQ (Simulator Sickness Questionnaire); STAI (State Trait Anxiety Inventory); SUPPH (Strategies Used by Patients to Promote Health); SUS (System Usability Scale); TAM (Technology Acceptance Model); TAU (Treatment as Usual); tMBSR (Telephone-adapted Mindfulness-based Stress Reduction); tSupport (Telephone Support); VR (Virtual Reality); W (Week).