| COVID-19 | coronavirus disease 2019 |
| SARS-CoV-2 | severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 |
| RBD | receptor binding domain |
| RT-PCR | reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction |
| UK | United Kingdom |
| ICU | intensive care unit |
| WHO | World Health Organization |
| PRISMA | Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses |
| PP | pooled prevalence |
| OR | odds ratio |
| CI | confidence interval |
| HR | hazard ratio |