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. 2023 Feb 7;24(4):3278. doi: 10.3390/ijms24043278

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© 2023 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Proposed mechanisms and results of the action of INI in diabetes and metabolic syndrome on the hypothalamic links of the gonadal and thyroid axes. Abbreviations: AgRP—agouti-related peptide; ARC—arcuate nucleus of hypothalamus; FSH—follicle-stimulating hormone; GnRH—gonadotropin-releasing hormone; KND—hypothalamic neurons expressing kisspeptin, neurokinin B, and dynorphin; LH—luteinizing hormone; α-MSH—α-melanocyte stimulating hormone; NPY—neuropeptide Y; PVN—paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus; POA—preoptic area of hypothalamus; POMC—pro-opiomelanocortin; T3, T4—thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4), respectively; TRH—thyrotropin-releasing hormone; TSH—thyroid-stimulating hormone.