FOXO	forkhead box family
GSK3β	glycogen synthase kinase-3β
HIF-1α	hypoxia-induced factor-1α
ICP	intranasally administered proinsulin C-peptide
IGF-1	insulin-like growth factor-1
INI	intranasally administered insulin
INSR	insulin receptor
IR	insulin resistance
IRS	insulin receptor substrates
JNK1	c-Jun N-terminal kinase-1
LPO	lipid peroxidation
MAPK	mitogen-activated protein kinase
mitoBKCa	mitochondrial ATP-sensitive large-conductance Ca2+-activated potassium channels
MS	metabolic syndrome
mTORC complex	the mammalian target of rapamycin complex
p21kip	a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1
PDK1/2	3-phosphatidylinositol-dependent protein kinases of types 1 and 2
PGC1α	peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1-α
PHLPP	PH domain and Leucine-rich repeat Protein Phosphatases
PI-3,4,5-P3	phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-triphosphate
PI3K	phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase
pNCD	postoperative neurocognitive disorder
POD	postoperative delirium
PP-1	protein phosphatase-1
PTP1B	protein phosphotyrosine phosphatase 1B
SHIP2	type 2 SH2-containing inositol-5’-phosphatase
SREBP1	sterol regulatory element-binding transcription factor 1
T1DM	type 1 diabetes mellitus
T2DM	type 2 diabetes mellitus
TBI	traumatic brain injury
TC-PTP	T-cell protein phosphotyrosine phosphatase
TSC1/2	tuberous sclerosis proteins 1 (hamartin) and 2 (tuberin)