Composite images (TEM and SEM images) of different nanoparticle structures. (a) SEM image of 110 nm titania nanotubes (TNTs) [116]; (b,c) SEM images of anodic alumina structures with different sized pores (100 nm and 200 nm) [119]; (d) TEM image of peptide-coated gold NPs (P12) [112]; (e) SEM image of surface morphology of SIS/SrHA [150]; (f,g) SEM images of HA bioceramics with nanoneedle structures. (g: high magnification image) [120]; (h) TEM images of 150 nm extra-large pore mesoporous silica NPs (XL-MSNs) (inset: high magnification image) [133]; (i) SEM images of 150 nm XL-MSNs (inset: high magnification image) [133]; (j,k) TEM images of biomimetic anti-inflammatory nano-capsules (BANC) [139]; (l) SEM image of 5 wt% ZnO incorporated microcrystalline bioactive glass (5Zn-MCBG) [149]; (m) SEM image of strontium-substituted submicrometer bioactive glass (Sr–SBG) [124]. Reprinted/adapted with permission from Ref. [112]. Copyright 2020 Wang, Zhang, Sun, Gao, Xiong, Ma, Liu, Shen, Li and Yang. Ref. [116]. Copyright 2019 Shen, Yu, Ma, Luo, Hu, Li, He, Zhang, Peng and Song. Ref. [119]. Copyright 2017 Chen, Ni, Han, Crawford, Lu, Wei, Chang, Wu and Xiao. Ref. [124]. Copyright 2016 Zhang, Zhao, Huang, Fu, Li and Chen. Ref. [133]. Copyright 2017 Kwon, Cha, Cho, Min, Park, Kang and Kim. Ref. [139]. Copyright 2020 Yin, Zhao, Li, Zhao, Wang, Deng, Zhang, Shen, Li and Zhang. Ref. [149]. Copyright 2021 Bai, Liu, Xu, Ye, Zhou, Berg, Yuan, Li and Xia. Ref. [150]. Copyright 2021 Yang, Zhou, Yu, Yang, Sun, Ji, Xiong and Guo.