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. 2023 Feb 17;24(4):4089. doi: 10.3390/ijms24044089

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Concept of “gut-axis” organ-on-a-chip (I) Conventional in vitro models and animal models are physiologically different from the human body. They also hinder the understanding of human diseases and the development of new therapeutic strategies [27] ©Copyright 2021, MDPI. (II) The concept of the GoC simulates the dynamic 3D microenvironment of an organ on a small scale. (a) Human-gut-microbiome on a chip [28] ©Copyright 2019, Nature.; (b) Establishment of long-term homeostatic culture of tubular mini-guts [29] ©Copyright 2020, Nature. (III) “Gut-axis” organ-on-a-chip. (c) Gut–brain axis on chip [30] ©Copyright 2021, Elsevier. (d) Gut–lung axis on chip [31] (e) Gut–kidney axis on chip [32] ©Copyright 2021, Elsevier. (f) Gut–liver axis on chip [33] ©Copyright 2017, Wiley [34] ©Copyright 2021, Nature. [35] ©Copyright 2020, Royal Soc Chemistry.