Table 2.

Possible roles of chemokines in the development of anemia in canine babesiosis.

Chemokines	Action	Reference
IL-8 (CXCL8)	Induction of chemotaxis of neutrophils, their activation, and stimulation of phagocytosis. Potentiating neutrophil oxidative burst. Contribution to classical activation of complement system. Contribution to secretion of properdin leading to alternative pathway of complement activation.	[92,95,96,139,232,238]
MCP-1 (CCL2)	Contribution to classical activation of macrophages. Chemoattractant for monocytes, NK cells, and neutrophils.	[77,78]
KC (CXCL1)-like	Induction of chemotaxis of neutrophils, their activation, and stimulation of phagocytosis. Together with ICAM-1 and P-selectin, activates neutrophils to form NETs.	[92,95,96,285,286]
PF-4 (CXCL4)	Platelet activation and induction of production of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species.	[130]
IP-10 (CXCL10)	Contribution in the recruitment of granulocytes and macrophages, and phagocytosis.	[108]