Table 1.
Characteristics of Study Participants.
| Variable 1 | Total n = 50 |
FIB-4 < 1.45 n = 36 |
FIB-4 ≥ 1.45 2 n = 14 |
p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 55 ± 6.8 | 54.5 ± 7.5 | 56.2 ± 4.6 | 0.437 |
| Sex, male | 29 (58.0) | 19 (52.8) | 10 (71.4) | 0.341 |
| Race/ethnicity | 0.538 | |||
| White non-Hispanic | 3 (6.0) | 3 (8.3) | 0 | |
| Black non-Hispanic | 34 (68.0) | 22 (61.1) | 12 (85.7) | |
| White Hispanic | 12 (24.0) | 10 (27.8) | 2 (14.3) | |
| Other | 1 (2.0) | 1 (2.8) | 0 | |
| Education level | ||||
| <High school | 20 (40.0) | 17 (47.2) | 3 (21.4) | 0.227 |
| High school diploma/GED | 18 (36.0) | 12 (33.3) | 6 (42.9) | |
| Some college + | 12 (24.0) | 7 (19.4) | 5 (35.7) | |
| Annual income | 0.525 | |||
| <USD 12,500 | 34 (68.0) | 24 (66.7) | 10 (71.4) | |
| USD 12,500–USD 35,000 | 14 (28.0) | 11 (30.6) | 3 (21.4) | |
| ≥USD 35,000 | 2 (4.0) | 1 (2.8) | 1 (7.1) | |
| Tobacco use | 26 (52.0) | 17 (47.2) | 9 (64.3) | 0.196 |
| Non-smoker | 24 (48.0) | 19 (52.8) | 5 (35.7) | |
| Every day smoker | 13 (26) | 10 (27.8) | 3 (21.4) | |
| Some days smoker | 13 (26) | 7 (19.4) | 6 (42.9) | |
| Hazardous alcohol use 3 | 7 (14.0) | 5 (13.9) | 2 (14.3) | 1.000 |
| Cocaine use | 25 (50.0) | 17 (47.2) | 8 (57.1) | 0.754 |
| Obesity 4 | 20 (40.0) | 16 (44.4) | 4 (28.6) | 0.445 |
| Food insecurity 5 | 6 (12.0) | 3 (8.3) | 3 (21.4) | 0.331 |
| On ART | 49 (98.0) | 36 (100.0) | 13 (92.9) | 0.280 |
| ART regimen | ||||
| Multi-class combination products | 46 (92.0) | 35 (97.2) | 11 (78.6) | 0.061 |
| NRTI | 0 | 0 | 0 | - |
| NNRTI | 1 (2.0) | 0 | 1 (7.1) | 0.280 |
| Protease inhibitors | 7 (14.0) | 4 (11.1) | 3 (21.4) | 0.384 |
| Fusion inhibitors | 0 | 0 | 0 | - |
| Entry inhibitors | 0 | 0 | 0 | - |
| HIV integrase strand transfer inhibitors | 5 (10.0) | 3 (8.3) | 2 (14.3) | 0.611 |
| Pharmacokinetic enhancers | 0 | 0 | 0 | - |
| Post-attachment inhibitor | 0 | 0 | 0 | - |
| ART adherence 6 | 0.53 ± 1.3 | 0.41 ± 1.1 | 0.85 ± 1.7 | 0.316 |
| Virally suppressed 7 | 34 (68.0) | 27 (75.0) | 7 (50.0) | 0.105 |
| CD4 lymphocyte count, cells/µL | 634.6 ± 337.1 | 694.9 ± 367.0 | 479.4 ± 172.3 | 0.007 * |
| Years living with HIV | 17.6 ± 8.2 | 17.5 ± 7.8 | 17.8 ± 9.4 | 0.922 |
1 Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation and n (%). 2 FIB-4 score ≥ 1.45 was defined as “unable to exclude advanced liver fibrosis/cirrhosis”. 3 Hazardous alcohol use was defined as having a score of ≥4 for men and ≥3 for women on the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test-Consumption (AUDIT-C) Questionnaire. 4 Obesity was defined as having a body mass index (BMI) of ≥30 kg/m2. 5 Food insecurity was defined as having a score of ≥3 on the USDA Household Food Security Survey Module. 6 ART adherence is reported as the mean number of missed ART doses in the previous two weeks. 7 Virally suppressed was defined as <50 copies of HIV per mL of blood. * p-value < 0.05. Abbreviations: ART, antiretroviral therapy; CD4, cluster of differentiation 4; FIB-4, Fibrosis-4 Index; NNRTI, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor; NRTI, nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor.