Figure 1.

Graphical representation of the observed mechanisms of action of phytol, curcumin, lupeol, and heptacosane on the expression and function of P-gp in AML. Curcumin, phytol, and lupeol act by modulating the expression of P-gp through the inhibition of NF-κB. Curcumin is also able to modulate the function of P-gp through interaction with the DBP site. The modulation mechanism of heptacosane is instead linked to its interaction with the DBP and NBP sites (see text for explanation). (IAPs: apoptosis inhibitory proteins; DBP: drug-binding pocket; NBP: nucleotide-binding pocket).