Table 3.
Mean sodium intakes [mg/day ± SE (n)] by top sodium-contributing categories, NHANES 2017–2018, for the total sample and by sub-groups, per capita (full sample) 1.
| Food Categories 2 | ||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | Pizza | Breads, Rolls and Buns | Cold Cuts and Cured Meats (Excluding Sandwiches) | Soups | Burritos and Tacos | Savory Snacks (e.g., Chips, Crackers, Popcorn) | Poultry (Excluding Nuggets and Tenders) | Cheese (Including Cottage and Ricotta) | Pasta Mixed Dishes, Excludes Macaroni and Cheese | Burgers | Meat Mixed Dishes | Cookies, Brownies and Cakes | Bacon, Frankfurters and Sausages (Excluding Sandwiches) | Vegetables (Excluding White Potatoes) | Chicken Nuggets and Tenders | |
| Total sample | 7081 | 178 ± 10.4 | 157.6 ± 5.39 | 155 ± 9.25 | 147 ± 9.02 | 145 ± 9.42 | 140 ± 5.09 | 136 ± 7.05 | 105 ± 4.95 | 98.2 ± 6.69 | 85.3 ± 5.08 | 83.6 ± 8.11 | 82.3 ± 3.86 | 80.8 ± 6.40 | 52.3 ± 3.94 | 73.4 ± 3.41 |
| Household income 3 | ||||||||||||||||
| Low | 2029 | 180 ± 18.4 | 132 ± 6.96 | 109 ± 10.5 | 154 ± 19.5 | 162 ± 16.4 | 122 ± 6.47 | 143 ± 14.7 | 98.6 ± 7.64 | 107 ± 13.7 | 97.2 ± 8.55 | 57.3 ± 12.1 | 77.2 ± 8.51 | 72.4 ± 9.64 | 76.5 ± 11.2 | 51.1 ± 3.75 |
| Middle | 2545 | 194 ± 17.8 | 155 ± 8.26 | 181 ± 16.9 | 135 ± 12.3 | 143 ± 15.6 | 156 ± 9.59 | 117 ± 10.3 | 103 ± 7.54 | 81.9 ± 8.30 | 88.9 ± 9.13 | 94.7 ± 14.6 | 90.4 ± 7.90 | 80.8 ± 11.4 | 49.6 ± 5.67 | 72.8 ± 5.53 |
| High | 754 | 186 ± 31.3 | 176 ± 16.1 | 186 ± 33.3 | 117 ± 19.7 | 131 ± 26.9 | 123 ± 13.1 | 138 ± 23.6 | 107 ± 18.1 | 121 ± 23.4 | 77.8 ± 14.9 | 98.4 ± 19.6 | 83.5 ± 8.82 | 103 ± 27.8 | 51.2 ± 12.4 | 77.6 ± 10.6 |
| Race/Ethnicity | ||||||||||||||||
| White | 2479 | 178 ± 15.5 | 167 ± 8.2 | 184 ± 14.2 | 126 ± 13.3 | 109 ± 12.5 | 155 ± 7.93 | 106 ± 9.49 | 120 ± 7.62 | 97.2 ± 9.34 | 91.2 ± 7.71 | 104 ± 13.2 | 82.4 ± 5.58 | 92.4 ± 10.2 | 53.0 ± 5.98 | 73.7 ± 5.28 |
| Black | 1646 | 166 ± 16.3 | 120 ± 7.0 | 129 ± 16.7 | 88.2 ± 10.2 | 110 ± 15.9 | 154 ± 8.22 | 254 ± 17.3 | 86.9 ± 7.60 | 113 ± 13.1 | 95.1 ± 9.92 | 46.2 ± 8.02 | 88.6 ± 8.30 | 87.6 ± 6.53 | 84.4 ± 10.4 | 74.9 ± 5.38 |
| Hispanic | 1627 | 193 ± 21.3 | 131 ± 8.3 | 105 ± 12.6 | 212 ± 19.1 | 314 ± 27.5 | 108 ± 7.23 | 147 ± 16.7 | 86.4 ± 7.41 | 73.4 ± 10.2 | 74.0 ± 7.75 | 40.4 ± 6.68 | 73.1 ± 5.74 | 55.3 ± 8.50 | 33.7 ± 5.03 | 59.8 ± 4.53 |
| Asian | 853 | 139 ± 20.7 | 216 ± 16.0 | 75.2 ± 15.9 | 319 ± 33.3 | 81.3 ± 17.2 | 72.8 ± 6.41 | 163 ± 21.6 | 42.1 ± 6.20 | 55.9 ± 8.91 | 37.3 ± 10.7 | 66.7 ± 12.2 | 71.2 ± 6.37 | 36.3 ± 7.03 | 31.2 ± 8.97 | 114 ± 9.30 |
| “Other” | 476 | 197 ± 38.4 | 164 ± 24.6 | 142 ± 39.9 | 115 ± 24.1 | 136 ± 33.7 | 128 ± 17.3 | 154 ± 31.9 | 112 ± 19.2 | 199 ± 50.0 | 86.0 ± 19.9 | 99.5 ± 21.4 | 109 ± 24.0 | 69.5 ± 18.2 | 57.8 ± 11.6 | 69.1 ± 12.5 |
| Dietary Reference Intakes Age–Sex Groupings | ||||||||||||||||
| >1 y | 299 | 103 ± 23.4 | 72.0 ± 9.72 | 51.2 ± 11.9 | 56.6 ± 12.3 | 74.6 ± 32.3 | 140 ± 17.3 | 53.4 ± 9.42 | 102 ± 13.8 | 54.3 ± 12.4 | 18.6 ± 6.07 | 24.0 ± 8.39 | 56.5 ± 8.30 | 82.5 ± 18.7 | 99.1 ± 16.5 | 33.4 ± 5.87 |
| 4–8 y | 623 | 180 ± 23.3 | 114 ± 9.25 | 126 ± 22.1 | 72.3 ± 12.4 | 76.2 ± 17.5 | 162 ± 13.0 | 83.6 ± 10.4 | 98.0 ± 9.49 | 74.4 ± 11.4 | 49.2 ± 8.66 | 40.3 ± 12.9 | 93.2 ± 8.79 | 54.6 ± 8.84 | 86.1 ± 12.0 | 30.9 ± 3.66 |
| 9–13 y males | 328 | 300 ± 52.7 | 140 ± 14.9 | 115 ± 22.0 | 70.3 ± 15.0 | 199 ± 50.4 | 271 ± 39.1 | 111 ± 30.9 | 86.0 ± 15.3 | 96.0 ± 26.5 | 58.2 ± 14.6 | 29.8 ± 10.4 | 82.3 ± 10.9 | 78.2 ± 14.3 | 89.0 ± 25.0 | 29.4 ± 6.02 |
| 9–13 y females | 353 | 257 ± 45.0 | 116 ± 14.8 | 88.2 ± 19.9 | 107 ± 22.7 | 60.7 ± 14.1 | 185 ± 23.8 | 103 ± 20.5 | 93.9 ± 15.9 | 111 ± 23.9 | 45.4 ± 10.1 | 51.6 ± 16.8 | 106 ± 12.9 | 42.4 ± 9.57 | 83.5 ± 19.3 | 40.7 ± 6.44 |
| 14–18 y males | 341 | 369 ± 62.6 | 175 ± 32.3 | 248 ± 66.2 | 154 ± 40.7 | 143 ± 34.5 | 205 ± 25.1 | 184 ± 48.3 | 92.7 ± 18.2 | 119 ± 26.5 | 157 ± 25.8 | 50.0 ± 18.0 | 79.5 ± 17.8 | 53.8 ± 14.4 | 119 ± 23.8 | 25.6 ± 5.34 |
| 14–18 y females | 323 | 206 ± 39.8 | 148 ± 21.0 | 106 ± 30.1 | 99.8 ± 19.8 | 115 ± 34.3 | 169 ± 23.5 | 207 ± 39.1 | 77.7 ± 15.1 | 74.4 ± 19.1 | 58.9 ± 12.7 | 28.3 ± 12.6 | 75.0 ± 12.9 | 35.1 ± 10.4 | 87.8 ± 24.5 | 43.0 ± 8.08 |
| 19–30 y males | 422 | 295 ± 52.8 | 134 ± 16.7 | 254 ± 50.1 | 73.6 ± 21.5 | 314 ± 49.1 | 137 ± 16.0 | 172 ± 34.9 | 87.8 ± 12.8 | 118 ± 25.5 | 145 ± 22.3 | 101 ± 23.2 | 29.9 ± 4.96 | 84.8 ± 18.8 | 101 ± 26.5 | 55.7 ± 9.65 |
| 19–30 y females | 436 | 175 ± 31.6 | 110 ± 12.7 | 86.6 ± 19.1 | 99.6 ± 23.8 | 186 ± 36.4 | 129 ± 17.6 | 131.4 ± 17.4 | 111 ± 15.3 | 116 ± 24.3 | 65.8 ± 12.8 | 88.4 ± 18.3 | 58.9 ± 11.3 | 93.0 ± 39.1 | 73.1 ± 16.2 | 86.9 ± 10.0 |
| 31–50 y males | 677 | 253 ± 37.7 | 187 ± 19.9 | 173 ± 31.4 | 226 ± 40.8 | 273 ± 43.0 | 130 ± 14.6 | 230 ± 32.0 | 129 ± 21.4 | 88.7 ± 22.6 | 150 ± 21.9 | 51.0 ± 9.57 | 89.5 ± 14.6 | 108 ± 19.7 | 36.7 ± 12.2 | 78.8 ± 10.7 |
| 31–50 y females | 744 | 145 ± 27.2 | 148 ± 17.4 | 106 ± 17.2 | 138 ± 20.8 | 153 ± 29.0 | 122 ± 15.8 | 123 ± 15.9 | 102 ± 9.89 | 72.3 ± 11.9 | 68.3 ± 13.6 | 60.6 ± 19.4 | 76.9 ± 10.8 | 93.6 ± 30.4 | 29.8 ± 6.78 | 106 ± 15.3 |
| 51–70 y males | 876 | 151 ± 35.2 | 215 ± 17.9 | 233 ± 37.3 | 170 ± 28.5 | 114 ± 22.5 | 160 ± 20.8 | 149 ± 21.4 | 132 ± 19.1 | 144 ± 30.8 | 98.3 ± 16.0 | 117 ± 32.4 | 114 ± 15.3 | 99.1 ± 14.1 | 20.5 ± 6.46 | 79.6 ± 10.5 |
| 51–70 y females | 900 | 91.3 ± 24.4 | 160 ± 17.4 | 112 ± 16.5 | 178 ± 26.9 | 61.6 ± 12.4 | 103 ± 9.94 | 94.6 ± 12.6 | 101 ± 15.5 | 91.7 ± 17.1 | 65.5 ± 14.0 | 131 ± 38.1 | 73.5 ± 12.2 | 51.8 ± 8.08 | 26.6 ± 7.63 | 89.9 ± 10.4 |
| >70 y males | 390 | 84.5 ± 33.8 | 204 ± 19.6 | 262 ± 57.1 | 243 ± 54.6 | 29.3 ± 9.52 | 87.8 ± 11.0 | 86.2 ± 21.3 | 71.0 ± 10.1 | 82.1 ± 25.5 | 68.3 ± 18.9 | 163 ± 45.0 | 132 ± 14.5 | 102 ± 24.5 | 28.9 ± 11.5 | 72.9 ± 10.3 |
| >70 y females | 369 | 29.0 ± 9.98 | 172 ± 14.9 | 152 ± 27.1 | 191 ± 40.8 | 42.1 ± 16.6 | 126 ± 19.3 | 85.6 ± 16.1 | 107 ± 15.5 | 94.0 ± 21.9 | 32.6 ± 9.63 | 110 ± 28.2 | 99.0 ± 11.9 | 79.4 ± 18.9 | 17.0 ± 6.71 | 104 ± 10.9 |
1 Means ± SE were generated using a PROC SURVEYMEANS procedure in SAS 9.4. All estimates were generated from one 24 h dietary recall and survey weighted to be representative at the population level. Standard errors were computed using the Taylor series linearization method to account for the complex survey design of NHANES. 2 This analysis used 87 food categories, which were adapted from What We Eat In America (https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes/wweia.htm) (accessed on 5 December 2020). Food categories are ranked in descending order by population proportion among the total sample aged >1 y, excluding pregnant and lactating women (n = 7081). 3 Poverty-to-income ratio (PIR) was used to define household income. PIR ≤ 180% was considered “low” income, 180 < PIR ≤ 350 was considered “middle” income and PIR > 350 was considered “high” income.