Table 1.

Number of effects, studies, and applications by country and group

Country	Effects	Studies	Applications	Year Range of Data
Canada	14	7	22735	1985 to 2011
France	23	20	44586	1976 to 2018
Germany	8	6	9447	1994 to 2017
Great Britain	30	12	9089	1969 to 2017
Netherlands	25	15	10727	1976 to 2017
United States	40	30	77495	1989 to 2019
Total	140	90	174079
Racial-Ethnic group	Effects	Studies	Notes
African/Black	57	49	Excludes North African
Middle-Eastern/N. African (MENA)	41	37	Includes Turkish
Latin Am./Hispanic	12	12
Asian	30	19	Includes East Asian and South Asian
Total	140

Notes: Effects are discrimination estimates against one or more of the four non-White racial-ethnic groups. Some studies have effects for multiple groups.

Three US studies before 1985 were excluded for problems in how they signaled race.