Table 1.
Anthropometric data, laboratory parameters, and main medications of study participants.
| Controls (n = 49) | NDO (n = 106) | T2DM (n = 62) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Anthropometric parameters | |||
| Male/Female (n) | 13/36 | 23/83 | 22/40 |
| Age (yrs) | 43.2 ± 9.1 | 44.3 ± 12.5 | 47.6 ± 7.7 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.7 ± 2.8 | 42.6 ± 8.1 * | 43.1 ± 9.1 § |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 85.2 ± 12.3 | 123.7 ± 17.4 * | 128.3 ± 18.5 § |
| Medication | |||
| Metformin (n, %) | 0; 0 | 11; 10.4 | 45; 72.8 |
| Insulin (n, %) | 0; 0 | 0; 0 | 14; 35.5 |
| GLP-1 RA (n, %) | 0; 0 | 0; 0 | 14; 35.5 |
| Statin (n, %) | 0; 0 | 12; 11.3 | 26; 41.9 |
| ACEI/ARB (n, %) | 1; 2 | 41; 38.7 | 28; 45.2 |
| CCB (n, %) | 1; 2 | 15; 14.2 | 14; 22.6 |
| Diuretics (n, %) | 0; 0 | 22; 20.8 | 8; 12.9 |
| Laboratory parameters | |||
| afamin (μg/mL) | 56 ± 20.3 | 82.6 ± 19.7 * | 109.2 ± 21.4 §,# |
| hsCRP (mg/L) | 1.3 (0.6–2.5) | 8 (3.4–15.7) * | 6.8 (3.1–13.7) § |
| Glucose (mmol/L) | 4.8 (4.5–5.1) | 5.2 (4.9–5.8) * | 6.4 (5.5–10.5) §,# |
| HbA1C (%) | 5.1 ± 0.3 | 5.7 ± 0.8 * | 7.2 ± 1.7 §,# |
| Insulin (mU/L) | 10.9 (6.6–12.9) (n = 16) | 15 (11.2–21.6) * | 25.4 (14.1–31.5) (n = 16) § |
| GFR (mL/1.73 m2) | 90 (90–90) | 90 (90–90) | 90 (90–90) |
| AST (U/L) | 19 (17–24) | 20 (17–27) | 25 (17–30) |
| ALT (U/L) | 17.5 (13–25) | 26 (18–35) * | 28 (21–44) § |
| γ-GTP (U/L) | 19 (16–28) | 28.5 (19–44) * | 35 (25–53) § |
| sTSH (mU/L) | 1.65 (1.18–2.11) | 1.95 (1.46–2.67) | 2.29 (1.34–15.2) (n = 33) # |
| Triglyceride (mmol/L) | 1.1 (0.9–1.5) | 1.45 (1.1–1.9) * | 1.7 (1.2–2.7) §,# |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 5 ± 0.8 | 5 ± 0.8 | 5 ± 1.2 |
| HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.5 ± 0.4 | 1.3 ± 0.3 | 1.2 ± 0.3 § |
| LDL-C (mmol/L) | 2.9 ± 0.5 | 3.2 ± 0.7 | 3 ± 0.9 |
Abbreviations: ACEI/ARB, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin II receptor blockers; ALT, alanine transaminase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; BMI, body mass index; CCB, calcium channels blockers; GLP-1 RA, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists; HbA1C, hemoglobin A1C; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; hsCRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; NDO, non-diabetic obese patients; sTSH, supersensitive thyroid stimulating hormone; T2DM, patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus; γ-GTP, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase. Notes: Data are presented as mean ± SD and analyzed using one-way ANOVA or median (interquartile range) and analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis H test. Difference of male/female ratio was analyzed using Chi-square test. * indicates p < 0.05 between controls vs. NDO. § indicates p < 0.05 between controls and T2DM. # indicates a p < 0.05 between NDO and T2DM.