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. 2023 Feb 9;13(2):256. doi: 10.3390/metabo13020256

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© 2023 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Beneficial effects of gut microbiota modulators in coronary artery disease. ECM: extracellular matrix, EC: endothelial cell, TMAO: trimethylamine N-oxide, BP: blood pressure, ROS: reactive oxygen species. ↓: decreased, ↑ increased.