Table 3.

Effect of an HFD on gut microbes in diabetic animal models.

Mode	Mode	High-Fat Diet	Duration	Sample	Impact on Microbiota	References
Mice	C57BL/6	72% fat (corn oil and lard)	3 months	Ileum, caecum, and colon	Decrease Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria Increase Firmicutes, Deferribacteres, Lachnospiraceae	[108]
		60% fat	13 weeks	Caecum	Decrease Bacteroidetes Increase Proteobacteria	[109]
		60% fat (soybean oil and lard)	8 weeks	Fecal	Decrease Bacteroidetes Increase Firmicutes, Deferribacteres, Actinobacteria	[110]
		60% fat	16 weeks	Fecal	Decrease Actinobacteria Increase Proteobacteria, the ratio of Bacteroidetes to Firmicutes	[111]
		60% fat +STZ	5 weeks	Fecal	Increased ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes Decrease Rikenellaceae Increase Ruminococcaceae and Erysipelotrichaceae	[112]
		60% fat (soybean oil and lard)	18 weeks	Fecal	Decrease Akkermansia Increase Muribaculaceae and Eubacterium	[113]
		60% fat (soybean oil and lard) +STZ	11 weeks	Fecal	Decrease Bacteroides Increase Firmicutes	[114]
		60% fat (soybean oil and lard) +STZ	6 weeks	Fecal	Increase the ratio of Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes Decrease Akkermansia, Muribaculaceae, Bacteroides, Fusobacterium, and Dubosiella Increase Colidextribacter and Helicobacter	[115]
	C57BL/6J	60% fat (soybean oil and lard)	8 weeks	Fecal	Decrease Bacteroidetes Increase Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Deferribacteres	[116]
		60% fat (soybean oil and lard)	8 weeks	Cecal	Decrease Bacteroidetes Increase Firmicutes	[117]
		41% fat	15 weeks	Fecal	Decrease Akkermansia, Coprococcus, and Ruminococcus Increase Odoribacter and Parabacteroides	[105]
		60% fat +STZ	12 weeks	Fecal	Decrease Bacteroidetes Increase Firmicutes	[118]
		60% fat (soybean oil and lard)	17 weeks	Fecal	Decrease Actinobacteria	[119]
		72% fat (corn oil and lard)	4 weeks	Cecal	Decrease Lactobacillus spp., Bifidobacterium spp., and Bacteroides-Prevotella spp.	[120]
		60% fat (soybean oil and lard)	12 weeks	Fecal	Increased ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes Decrease Bacteroidetes Increase Proteobacteria, Firmicutes	[121]
		45% fat (lard)	8 weeks	Fecal	Decrease Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria Increase Firmicutes	[122]
		60% fat (soybean oil and lard) +STZ	7 weeks	Fecal	Decrease Verrucomicrobia Increase Saccharibacteria	[123]
		45% fat (soybean oil and lard)	14 weeks	Fecal	Decrease Akkermansia Increase the ratio of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes	[124]
	BALB/c	40% fat +STZ	8 weeks	Fecal	Decrease Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Actinobacteria Increase Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria	[125]
	Swiss	55% fat	12 weeks	Fecal	Decrease Firmicutes, Actinobacteria Increase Bacteroidetes	[126]
Rats	Wistar rats	58% fat +STZ	12 weeks	Fecal	Decrease Lactobacillus spp. Increase Bifidobacterium spp.	[127]
		60% fat	6 months	Fecal	Decrease Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, and Bacteroidetes Increase Firmicutes	[128]
	Sprague Dawley rats	60% fat (soybean oil and lard)	10 weeks	Fecal	Decrease Bacteroides/Prevotella Increase Firmicutes, Bifidobacterium spp., Enterobacteriaceae, and C. leptum.	[129]
		10% lard + normal diet	12 weeks	Fecal	Decrease Firmicutes Increase Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria	[130]
		60% fat (soybean oil and lard)	4 weeks	Fecal	Increase the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes	[131]
		7% lard + normal diet	9 weeks	Fecal	Decrease Proteobacteria Increase Firmicutes	[132]
		High-fat diet (lard)	12 weeks	Fecal	Decrease Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria Increase Firmicutes	[133]
		High-fat diet (soybean oil and lard)	15 weeks	Colonic	Decrease Clostridium and Faecalibacterium Increase Bacteroides, Butyricoccus, Parabacteroides, Rikenella, Bifidobacterium, Allobaculum, Dehalobacterium, Lactobacillus, Oscillospira, Ruminococcus, and Desuifovibrio	[134]
		45% fat (soybean oil)	24 weeks	Fecal and cecal	Decrease Bacteroidetes Increase Firmicutes	[135]