Table 4.

Results of the univariate and multiple linear regression models.

	Univariate Linear Regression Model			Multiple Linear Regress Model (Method: Full)			Multiple Linear Regress Model (Method: Stepwise)			% of Increments or Decrements (Stepwise)
	β	SE	p- Value	β	SE	p -Value	β	SE	p -Value	% *	Amount (CNY) #
Intercept	N. A	N. A	N. A	8.49	0.36	<0.01	8.99	0.16	<0.01	—	8022 (ref)
Female (ref = Male)	0.06	0.11	0.56	0.12	0.09	0.21
Age groups (ref: ≥40 years)
<18 years	0.10	0.17	0.53	−0.03	0.15	0.82
18–39 years	−0.04	0.06	0.53	−0.07	0.06	0.23
Disease duration (ref = ≤3 years)
3–8 years	−0.36	0.07	<0.01	−0.08	0.07	0.23
>8 years	−0.31	0.07	<0.01	−0.10	0.07	0.15
Region (ref: West)
Central	−0.12	0.08	0.15	−0.09	0.07	0.21
Eastern	−0.11	0.07	0.13	−0.13	0.07	0.04
Health insurance (ref: None)	−0.03	0.08	0.67	−0.15	0.07	0.03	−0.13	0.07	0.04	−12.2	−978
Hospitalization during last year (ref: None)	1.32	0.06	<0.01	1.19	0.06	<0.01	1.22	0.06	<0.01	238.7	19,150
Newly treated patients (ref: Treated patients)	0.36	0.11	<0.01	−0.02	0.10	0.84
ANA positive (ref: Negative)	0.30	0.13	0.02	0.20	0.11	0.08
dsDNA positive (ref: Negative)	0.04	0.07	0.54	0.04	0.06	0.53
Abnormal liver function (ref: Normal)	0.13	0.07	0.06	0.05	0.06	0.43
Low complement (ref: No)	0.11	0.06	0.08	−0.03	0.06	0.63
Moderate to severe (ref: Mild)	0.60	0.09	<0.01	0.27	0.09	<0.01	0.26	0.08	<0.01	29.7	2382
Active disease State (ref: Remission or LLDAS)	0.46	0.06	<0.01	0.06	0.08	0.47
System involvement
Skin system (ref: Normal)	−0.02	0.06	0.71	−0.01	0.06	0.83
Musculoskeletal system (ref: Normal)	−0.01	0.06	0.87	−0.03	0.05	0.60
Peripheral vascular system (ref: Normal)	0.22	0.06	<0.01	0.12	0.05	0.02	0.13	0.05	<0.01	13.9	1114
Serositis (ref: Normal)	0.33	0.06	<0.01	0.01	0.10	0.90
Renal system (ref: Normal)	0.30	0.06	<0.01	0.20	0.10	0.04	0.20	0.05	<0.01	22.1	1776
Neuropsychiatric system (ref: Normal)	0.10	0.11	0.38	0.01	0.10	0.94
Gastrointestinal system (ref: Normal)	0.26	0.19	0.17	0.13	0.17	0.45
Ocular system (ref: Normal)	0.22	0.25	0.38	0.10	0.22	0.65
Cardiovascular system (ref: Normal)	0.43	0.11	<0.01	0.42	0.10	<0.01	0.39	0.09	<0.01	47.7	3826
Pulmonary system (ref: Normal)	0.65	0.29	0.02	0.26	0.25	0.30
2 or more damaged organs (ref: 0 or 1)	0.25	0.07	<0.01	−0.01	0.08	0.89
Biologics (ref: Unused)	0.59	0.10	<0.01	0.34	0.09	<0.01	0.34	0.09	<0.01	40.5	3248
Glucocorticoids (ref: Unused)
≤7.5mg/day	−0.09	0.08	0.24	−0.01	0.07	0.92	−0.02	0.07	0.73	−2.0	−159
>7.5mg/d and ≤15mg/day	0.34	0.08	<0.01	0.19	0.09	0.04	0.23	0.07	<0.01	25.9	2074
>15mg/day	0.60	0.08	<0.01	0.24	0.10	0.01	0.30	0.08	<0.01	35.0	2807

* Calculated as: (exp(coefficient) − 1) × 100; # Calculated as: (Exp(coefficient) − 1) × exp (Intercept); Full model: R² = 0.261; Stepwise model: R² = 0.254.