Table 1.

Simulation parameters.

Parameter Type	Parameter Value
Environment	ns3
Operating System	Ubuntu 14.04
Optimization	Particle Swarm Optimization
Road Type	Highway
Parameters	Throughput, End-to-End Delay, Packet Delivery Ratio, Rounding Overhead, Energy Consumption
Mobility Model	Random Way Point Model
Number of vehicles	100
Mobility Speed	10 m/s
Simulation Time	100 s
Wireless protocol	IEEE 802.11p
Number of faulty nodes	0%
Packet loss ratio	0%
Initial Energy	100J
Traffic type	Constant Bit Rate (CBR)
Comparison Protocols	Firefly Optimization, Ant Colony Optimization, Enhanced Flying Ant Colony Optimization