Table 1.
The mean quantities (µg/g, DM) of phenolic compounds in inflorescences, leaves, and stems of Achillea millefolium in Turkey and Lithuania and comparison of their differences (p ≤ 0.05) according to t-test, as well as differences in compounds among plant organs for all populations by ANOVA (p1).
| Compounds | Inflorescences (n = 36) | Leaves (n = 36) | Stems (n = 36) | F | p 1 | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Turkey | Lithuania | p | Turkey | Lithuania | p | Turkey | Lithuania | p | |||||||||
| M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | ||||||
| Neochlorogenic acid | 219.9 | 37.8 | 395.7 | 85.5 | <0.001 | 557.3 | 282.4 | 979.8 | 261.5 | <0.001 | 265.2 | 70.0 | 254.1 | 59.0 | 0.607 | 69.3 | <0.001 |
| Chlorogenic acid | 1443.8 | 736.5 | 7735.3 | 2273.2 | <0.001 | 4140.3 | 3294.7 | 19,483.3 | 6832.2 | <0.001 | 1068.6 | 610.8 | 4069.3 | 1251.3 | <0.001 | 27.6 | <0.001 |
| 4-O-caffeoylquinic acid | 1362.7 | 508.9 | 992.4 | 572.9 | 0.051 | 1536.7 | 686.6 | 408.3 | 478.9 | <0.001 | 641.5 | 237.1 | 967.4 | 791.1 | 0.122 | 2.4 | 0.097 |
| 3.4-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid | 1701.0 | 997.2 | 2582.3 | 690.5 | 0.004 | 982.9 | 869.4 | 3482.3 | 1231.2 | <0.001 | 184.8 | 116.0 | 738.1 | 378.0 | <0.001 | 30.7 | <0.001 |
| 3.5-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid | 2409.4 | 1078.6 | 8646.8 | 1750.2 | <0.001 | 3749.8 | 2156.8 | 11,901.1 | 4087.7 | <0.001 | 755.4 | 314.3 | 1448.4 | 465.3 | <0.001 | 35.4 | <0.001 |
| 1,3-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 82.0 | 70.3 | 0 | 0 | 37.0 | 47.3 | 14.1 | <0.001 | |||
| 1.5-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid | 0 | 0 | 2345.6 | 954.3 | <0.001 | 51.8 | 23.6 | 4924.7 | 2591.7 | <0.001 | 64.4 | 25.5 | 1163.8 | 624.4 | <0.001 | 10.2 | <0.001 |
| 4.5-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid | 318.4 | 125.5 | 1010.8 | 289.0 | <0.001 | 142.8 | 93.5 | 1820.3 | 796.7 | <0.001 | 105.0 | 62.5 | 505.2 | 284.7 | <0.001 | 11.4 | <0.001 |
| Caffeic acid | 1.6 | 6.4 | 19.6 | 13.9 | <0.001 | 35.1 | 24.02 | 70.6 | 44.6 | 0.007 | 14.5 | 17.9 | 39.5 | 29.5 | 0.005 | 19.6 | <0.001 |
| Quercitrin | 0 | 0 | 289.6 | 429.9 | 0.011 | 0 | 0 | 255.6 | 161.3 | <0.001 | 0 | 0 | 90.0 | 56.6 | <0.001 | 2.4 | 0.093 |
| Rutin | 188.5 | 120.4 | 168.7 | 180.4 | 0.709 | 1979.0 | 1340.7 | 2681.0 | 1259.8 | 0.116 | 649.4 | 369.2 | 872.6 | 511.2 | 0.152 | 69.5 | <0.001 |
| Quercetin | 34.2 | 26.1 | 26.4 | 3.6 | 0.196 | 30.1 | 14.1 | 18.6 | 2.6 | 0.001 | 30.8 | 8.8 | 22.3 | 4.8 | 0.001 | 2.1 | 0.130 |
| Isoquercitrin | 425.0 | 432.2 | 6.5 | 20.7 | <0.001 | 55.2 | 132.8 | 86.8 | 123.6 | 0.466 | 0 | 0 | 33.4 | 64.5 | 0.047 | 5.9 | 0.004 |
| Luteolin | 2699.7 | 2072.7 | 814.2 | 1126.9 | 0.001 | 395.2 | 915.7 | 146.2 | 57.2 | 0.232 | 120.3 | 36.5 | 134.4 | 9.8 | 0.107 | 20.3 | <0.001 |
| Luteolin-7-O-glucoside | 1776.1 | 954.5 | 2772.1 | 702.5 | 0.001 | 262.3 | 485.7 | 975.5 | 670.0 | 0.001 | 48.7 | 51.6 | 94.2 | 98.2 | 0.103 | 106.4 | <0.001 |
| Luteolin-7-O-rutinoside | 601.4 | 409.2 | 575.4 | 370.2 | 0.843 | 160.1 | 131.7 | 1154.4 | 511.8 | <0.001 | 214.5 | 125.2 | 195.1 | 91.3 | 0.594 | 13.6 | <0.001 |
| Luteolin-3.7-O-diglucoside | 1836.4 | 1507.8 | 0 | 0 | <0.001 | 104.6 | 418.4 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.270 | 1.1 | 4.4 | 30.7 | 16.1 | <0.001 | 11.9 | <0.001 |
| Apigenin | 132.9 | 182.5 | 524.0 | 140.8 | <0.001 | 19.2 | 55.2 | 9.0 | 11.6 | 0.425 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 65.1 | <0.001 | |
| Apigenin-7-O-glucoside | 241.9 | 215.8 | 3501.0 | 831.4 | <0.001 | 23.0 | 91.9 | 214.3 | 103.1 | <0.001 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 45.4 | <0.001 | |
| Santin | 502.4 | 231.3 | 222.8 | 57.31 | <0.001 | 308.7 | 234.4 | 246.0 | 25.4 | 0.241 | 232.4 | 15.2 | 187.9 | 64.5 | 0.011 | 7.3 | 0.001 |
| Total (sum of compounds) | 15,895.4 | 4349.1 | 32,629.0 | 7223.8 | <0.001 | 14,534.0 | 7047.0 | 48,939.8 | 14,818.8 | <0.001 | 4396.5 | 1359.1 | 10,883.2 | 3080.0 | <0.001 | 32.6 | <0.001 |