Table 1.
HPV-positivity in OCSCC among patients worldwide.
| Authors (Area and Publication Year) |
Centre/Data Source | Study Period |
Total Cases | Mean Age | F:M Ratio in Total |
Share of HPV+ Patients in % | OCSCC Sublocations (Share of HPV+ Patients in %) |
Definition of HPV Positivity Based on | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HPV+ | HPV− | Overall | ||||||||
| Africa | ||||||||||
| Ghana, 2019 [43] | Tertiary Hospital, Kumasi | 2007–2016 | 23 | - | - | - | - | 22 | - | HPV DNA PCR |
| Réunion Island, 2018 [48] | Commission Nationale d’Informatique et Liberté |
2009–2013 | 41 | - | - | - | 1:8.3 | 12.2 | - | p16 IHC (>10%) |
| South Africa, 2019 [49] | Universitas Academic Laboratories in Bloemfontein |
2004–2014 | 329 | 57.2 | 58.5 | - | 1:3.1 | 6.1 | - | HPV DNA PCR |
| Uganda, 2020 [44] | Uganda Cancer Institute | 2018–2019 | 17 | - | - | - | - | 29.4 | - | p16 IHC (>70%) |
| Asian-Pacific | ||||||||||
| Bangladesh, 2017 [31] | Dhaka Medical College Hospital, A.I. Khan Laboratory and Millennium Dental Clinic in the city |
2014–2016 | 55 | - | - | - | - | 10.9 | - | HPV DNA PCR and p16 (>50%) |
| India, 2018 [19] | Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology | - | 41 | - | - | - | 1:2.9 | 15 | Oral tongue (83.3%) **, buccal mucosa (16.7%) | HPV RNA PCR |
| India, 2018 [33] | R. L. Jalappa Hospital and Research Centre, Kolar, Karnataka | - | 60 | - | - | 53.7 | 3:1 | 0 | 0% | HPV DNA PCR |
| India, 2022 [28] | A tertiary care hospital | - | 800 | - | - | 45.2 | 1:7.1 | 13 a | 2/3rd of tongue (32.7%) **, FoM (1.9%), lips (1.9%), buccal mucosa (31.7%), soft palate (9.6%) a, hard palate (5.8%), retromolar trigone (4.8%), gingivobuccal sulcus (6.7%), alveolus (4.8%) | HPV DNA PCR and p16 IHC (>75%) |
| Indonesia, 2019 [30] | The Dharmais National Cancer Hospital, Jakarta | 2003–2013 | 78 | - | - | 47.1 | 1:1.5 | 17.9 | Tongue (74.4%) **, buccal (2.6%), gingiva (3.8%) maxilla (2.6%), mandible (3.8%), palate (5.1%), lips (7.7%) | HPV DNA PCR |
| Japan, 2021 [32] | Ehime University Hospital | 2004–2013 | 100 | - | - | 70.3 | - | 1 c | Tongue (10%) **, maxillary gingiva (20%), mandibular gingiva (30%), FoM (20%), buccal mucosa (10%), lip (10%) d |
HPV RNA PCR and p16 IHC (>70%) |
| Korea, 2020 [25] | Catholic Medical Center hospitals, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital and Bucheon St. Mary’s Hospital |
2011–2019 | 166 | - | - | - | - | 0 | 0% | HPV DNA PCR and p16 IHC (>70%) |
| Philippines, 2017 [20] | Mariano Marcos Memorial Hospital and Medical Center |
2003–2013 | 88 | - | - | - | 0 | - | HPV DNA PCR | |
| Republic of Korea, 2022 [23] | Tertiary University in Seoul | 2008–2020 | 65 | - | - | 60 | 1:1 | 13.8 | - | p16 IHC (>75%) |
| South West India, 2019 [22] | Manipal Academy of Higher Education |
2015–2017 | 50 | - | - | 53.7 | 1:3.2 | 0 | 0% | HPV DNA PCR |
| Thailand, 2019 [29] | King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital Bangkok | 2010–2016 | 260 | - | - | 61.3 | 1:1.4 | 1.5 | - | HPV DNA ISH and p16 IHC (>70%) |
| Thailand, 2020 [27] | Chiang Mai University and Prince of Songkla University and Chulalongkorn University and Khon Kaen University | 1999–2019 | 172 | - | - | 66 | 1.2:1 | 5.8 | Tongue (50%) **, FoM (10%), gum/alveolar mucosa (30%), buccal/labial mucosa (0%), retromolar area (10%), other sites (0%) | HPV DNA PCR and p16 IHC (5-tiered point system) |
| Thailand, 2022 [34] | Mahidol University, Bangkok. Faculty of Dentistry, Khon Kaen University. |
2013–2019 | 81 | - | - | - | 1.5:1 | 3.70 | Mobile tongue (29.6%) **, FoM (4.9%), gingiva (32.1%), buccal mucosa (13.6%), hard palate (7.4%), retromolar trigone (6.2%), lip (6.2%) b | HPV DNA PCR and p16 IHC (>70%) |
| Europe | ||||||||||
| Austria, 2018 [38] | Medical University of Innsbruck | 2008–2012 | 106 | 53.32 | 60.76 | 58.9 | 1:2 | 35.8 | Tongue (23.7%) **, FoM (31.6%), alveolar mucosa (15.8%), cheek (13.2%), palate (15.8%) | HC2-HPV-DNA |
| France, 2021 [40] | Besançon University Hospital | 2005–2018 | 31 | - | - | - | - | 0 | 0% | HPV DNA PCR and p16 IHC (>70%) |
| Germany, 2021 [37] | The University Medical Center of Lübeck | 2002–2011 | 280 | 63.3 | 62.8 | 62.8 | 1:2 | 10.7 | Anterior tongue *** (13.3%), FoM (43.3%), lip (6.7%), gum (16.7%), palate (13.3%), cheek/vestibule/retromolar (6.7%) | HPV DNA ISH and p16 IHC (>70%) |
| The Netherlands, 2021 [41] | Vanderbilt University and Medical Center, and Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam. The Dutch Cancer Registries |
2008–2014 | 940 | 59 | 64 | - | 1:1.4 | 2.2 | Mobile tongue (28.6%) *, FoM (57.1%), vestibulum of mouth (4.8%), cheek mucosa (9.8%), retromolar trigone (0%) | HPV DNA PCR and HPV RNA PCR and p16 IHC (>70%) |
| Poland, 2020 [39] | Maria Sklodowska-Curie Institute Oncology Center, Cracow | 1991–2014 | 25 | - | - | - | - | 16 | - | HPV DNA PCR and p16 IHC (>75%) |
| Switzerland, 2019 [42] | The University Hospital of Geneva | 2001–2011 | 152 | - | - | - | - | 0.66 | Mobile tongue (58%) *, lower lip (0%), upper gingiva (8.3%), FoM (25%), buccal mucosa (0%), alveolar ridge (8.3%), retromolar trigone (0%), hard palate (0%) d |
HPV DNA PCR and p16 IHC (>70%) |
| UK, 2021 [36] | Eastman Dental Institute and University College London | 1986–2004 | 116 | - | - | - | - | 0 | 0% | HPV DNA PCR |
| Middle East | ||||||||||
| Jordan, 2020 [24] | King Hussein Cancer Center and King Hussein Medical Center | 2013–2018 | 27 | - | - | - | - | 37 | Tongue (100%) **, FoM (0%), buccal (0%) | HPV DNA PCR |
| Saudi Arabia, 2019 [21] | King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre | 2002–2016 | 257 | - | - | 59.2 | 1:1.4 | 2 | Oral tongue (25%) **, FoM (0%), retromolar (50%), buccal (25%), hard palate (0%) | HPV DNA PCR and p16 IHC (>70%) |
| Turkey, 2021 [26] | The Turkish Ministry of Health | 2013–2017 | 34 | - | - | - | - | 17.6 | Oral tongue (16.7%) **, FoM (0%), buccal mucosa-lip (66.7%), hard palate (16.7%) | HPV DNA PCR |
| North America | ||||||||||
| Mexico, 2021 [47] | The Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad de Oncología del Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, of the Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social |
2011–2017 | 171 | - | - | - | - | 9.6 | - | HPV DNA PCR and p16 IHC (>70%) |
| USA, 2017 [46] | The Johns Hopkins Hospital Sydney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center and The University of California– San Francisco Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center and affiliated hospitals |
1995–2012 | 253 | - | - | - | - | 2 | - | HPV DNA ISH and HPV RNA ISH |
| South America | ||||||||||
| Brazil, 2018 [45] | Santa Rita de Cassia Hospital and University Hospital Antonio Cassiano de Moraes | 2012–2015 | 90 | 61 | 57.5 | 57.9 | 1:3.1 | 3.3 | Tongue (66.7%) ***, FoM (0%), others (palate, retromolar trigone, gum, buccal mucosa, alveolar ridge (33.3%)) | HPV DNA PCR |
| South America and Europe | ||||||||||
| Brazil and UK, 2020 [35] | Hospital Santa Rita de Cassia and Hospital Universitário Cassiano Antônio de Moraes (Brazil). University Hospitals Coventry & Warwickshire (UK) |
2011–2015 | 99 | - | - | 60.5 | 1:3.5 | 8 | Tongue (75%) *, FoM (12.5%), others: gingiva, hard palate, cheek, vestibule of mouth, and retromolar area (12.5%) | HPV RNA ISH |
a: included soft palate, b: sublocations only detected with HPV DNA PCR, c: basaloid squamous cell carcinoma, d: sublocations only detected with p16 overexpression. * specified mobile tongue, ** questionable specification, *** unspecified. HPV: human papillomavirus, OCSCC: oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma, FoM: floor of mouth, IHC: immunohistochemistry, ISH: in situ hybridization, PCR: polymerase chain reaction, HC2 HR-HPV: hybrid capture 2 high-risk HPV, UK: United Kingdom, USA: the United States of America.