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. 2023 Jan 28;11(2):280. doi: 10.3390/vaccines11020280

Table 1.

Studies comparing plasmid DNA vaccine delivery with NFIS, EP, or PMED.

Indication Name
(Immunogen)		 Species Device
(Route)		 EP Device
or PMED		 Dose Vaccine Schedule Vs. NS NFIS Notes
PRRSV [52] N, Nsp1β, RdRp Pig Tropis (ID) CUY21EDIT 0.4 mg * 0, 34 d
C: 63 d		 No

  • APC-targeted vaccine

  • Heterologous prime–boost with MLV vaccine

  • NFIS increased gene expression
Hantavirus (various) [79] M Hamster Tropis
(SC, IM)		 PMED 0.2 mg, 0.42 mg 0, 4, 8 wk
C: 21 wk		 Yes

  • IM NFIS showed less variability

  • NFIS less pathology than NS

  • NFIS more staining, expanded expression than NS

  • NFIS more immunogenic than PMED and NS
Poxvirus [77] 4pox
(L1, A27, B5, A33)		 Rabbit Tropis (ID)
Stratis (IM)		 TriGrid 0.4 mg 0, 4, 8 wk Yes

  • NFIS non-inferior immunogenicity to EP, more immunogenic than NS

  • NFIS suitable for field use

  • Tropis had broader immunogenicity than Stratis
Influenza [76] HA Pig Tropis (ID) AgilePulse 0.025 −0.4 mg 0, 3–4 wk No

  • APC-targeted vaccine

  • NFIS comparable immunogenicity to EP

  • NFIS injection “pain-free”
Dengue [80] TVDV
(Pre-M, E)		 NHP Tropis (ID)
Stratis (IM)		 TriGrid 1 mg,
5 mg		 0, 28, 91 d
C: 392 d		 No

  • EP, ID delivery had highest nAb

  • Dose-sparing with ID delivery

* = total dose administered in multiple injections at the same timepoint; NFIS = needle-free injection systems; EP = electroporation; PMED = particle-mediated epidermal delivery; vs. = versus; NS = needle and syringe; PRRSV = porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus; N = nucleocapsid; Nsp = non-structural protein; RdRP = RNA-dependent RNA polymerase; ID = intradermal; d = day; C = challenge; APC = antigen-presenting cell; MLV = modified live virus; M = medium gene segment; SC = subcutaneous; IM = intramuscular; wk = week; HA = hemagglutinin; TVDV = tetravalent dengue vaccine; Pre-M = pre-membrane; E = envelope; NHP = non-human primate; nAb = neutralizing antibodies.