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. 2023 Jan 28;11(2):280. doi: 10.3390/vaccines11020280

Table 2.

Pandemic virus plasmid and doggybone DNA vaccines administered with NFIS.

Indication Name
(Immunogen)		 Species Device
(Route)		 Dose Vaccination Schedule Vs. NS NFIS Notes
COVID-19 [82] ZyCoV-D
(Spike)		 Rabbit Tropis (ID) 0.5 mg 0, 2, 4 wk No

  • NFIS useful and efficient
COVID-19 [83] ZyCoV-D
(Spike)		 NHP Tropis (ID) 1 mg, 2 mg * 0, 4, 8 wk
C: 15 wk		 Yes

  • Dose-dependent responses

  • NS ineffective
COVID-19 [29] ZyCoV-D
(Spike)		 Human
Ph 1/2		 Tropis (ID) 1 mg, 2 mg * 0, 4, 8 wk Yes

  • Similar results as NHP study [83]
COVID-19 [30] ZyCoV-D
(Spike)		 Human
Ph 3		 Tropis (ID) 2 mg * 0, 4, 8 wk No

  • Significant immunogenicity

  • 100% protection against moderate/severe disease, Delta VOC

  • NFIS can decrease injection side-effects
COVID-19 [84] nCoV-S(JET),
dbDNAS(JET), dbDNAS(ST-JET)
(Spike)		 Hamster Tropis (IM) 0.05 mg,
0.2 mg		 0, 3 wk
C: 6 wk		 No

  • Synthetic doggybone DNA platform immunogenic and protective

  • Immunocompromised model
COVID-19 [85] nCoV-S(JET)
(Spike)		 Hamster Tropis (IM) 0.2 mg 0, 3 wk
C: 6 wk		 No

  • Immunocompromised model

  • NFIS simple to use
COVID-19 [86] pNTC-Spike
(Spike)		 Rabbit
NHP		 Tropis (ID)
Stratis (IM)		 Rabbit: 0.125 mg
NHP: 2 mg * 		0, 2, 4 wk
C (NHP): 8 wk		 Yes

  • Th1-biased response

  • Increased vaccine potency could be due to NFIS
COVID-19 [55] VIU-1005
(Spike)		 Mouse Tropis †
(ID, IM)		 0.025 mg,
0.05 mg,
0.1 mg		 0, 2, 4 wk Yes

  • Th1-biased response

  • NS ineffective

  • NFIS dose-sparing and less variable responses

  • Dose-dependent response
COVID-19 [87] pVAX-S1
(Spike S1)		 Mouse Tropis † (IM) 0.025 mg, 0.05 mg 0, 3, 6 wk No

  • Th1-biased response

  • No difference between doses
Influenza [16] VRC-FLUDNA082-00-VP
(HA)		 Human
Ph 1		 Stratis (IM) 4 mg 0, 16 wk No

  • Heterologous prime–boost with ferritin NP vaccine

  • Heterologous regimen more immunogenic

  • Durable and cross-reactive responses
Influenza [81] HA NHP Tropis (ID) 0.075 mg 0, 6, 12 wk
C: 16 wk		 No

  • APC-targeted vaccine

  • NFIS is “pain-free”
HIV [88] DNAGC5
(Env, Gag)		 Rabbit Stratis (IM) 0.2 mg 0, 4, 8, 12, 20, 28 wk No

  • Heterologous prime–boost with MVA and protein vaccines

  • CpG ODN 1826 adjuvant co-injected
HIV [89] DNAGC5
(Env, Gag)		 Rabbit Stratis (IM) 0.2 mg 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 wk No

  • Heterologous prime–boost with poxviral vectors
HIV ‡ DNAGC5
(Env, Gag)		 Rabbit Stratis (IM) 0.2 mg 0, 4, 8, 12 wk Yes

  • Heterologous prime–boost with MVA vector vaccine

  • NFIS improved antibody responses
HIV [90] SIV-gag
(Gag)		 NHP Stratis (IM) 1 mg 0, 28, 56, 84, 211 d No

  • Shared and unique CD8+ TCR in vaccinated NHP as SIV-infected

* = total dose administered in multiple injections at the same timepoint; † = modified Tropis used; ‡ = manuscript in preparation; NFIS = needle-free injection systems; vs. = versus; NS = needle and syringe; COVID-19 = coronavirus disease 2019; ID = intradermal; wk = week; NHP = non-human primate; C = challenge; Ph = phase; VOC = variant of concern; IM = intramuscular; Th = T helper; HA = hemagglutinin; NP = nanoparticle; APC = antigen-presenting cell; HIV = human immunodeficiency virus; MVA = modified vaccinia Ankara; ODN = oligodeoxynucleotide; SIV = simian immunodeficiency virus; d = day; TCR = T-cell receptor.