Table 1.
The chemical classification and biological activities of the phytochemicals and drug control used in this study.
| Compound | CAS No. | Class | Reported Biological Activities | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Silybin | 22888-70-6 | Flavonoids | Anti-inflammatory and antiviral | [27,28] |
| 7-Hydroxy flavone | 6665-86-7 | Flavonoids | Anti-inflammatory and antiviral | [29,30,31] |
| Pinocembrin | 480-39-7 | Flavonoids | Anti-inflammatory, antiallergic, antioxidant, anticarcinogenic, and antiviral | [32,33,34,35] |
| Flavanone | 487-26-3 | Flavonoids | Anti-inflammatory | [36] |
| Saponin | 8047-15-2 | Triterpene | Antimicrobial, anticancer, antioxidant, antitumor, and antiviral | [37,38,39,40] |
| Lupeol | 545-47-1 | Triterpene | Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory, Antiviral (Lupeol synthetic derivatives) | [41,42,43] |
| Glucuronic acid | 528-16-5 | Sugar acids | Antioxidant, hepatoprotective, and antiviral | [44,45] |
| Galacturonic acid | 9046-38-2 | Sugar acids | Antiviral (As a saponin component) | [45,46,47,48] |
| D-sorbitol | 50-70-4 | Sugar alcohol Carbohydrates | Antiviral and laxative. | [49,50] |
| β-sitosterol | 83-46-5 | Steroids | Antioxidant, anticarcinogenic, anti-inflammatory, and antiviral | [51,52,53,54] |
| β-sitosterol-O-glucoside | 474-58-8 | Steroids | Antidiabetic, anticancer and antiviral | [55,56,57] |
| Ouabain | 630-60-4 | Steroid cardiac glycosides | Anticancer and antiviral | [58,59,60,61] |
| Digitonin | 11024-24-1 | Steroid saponin glycosides | Lipid solubilizing and antiviral | [62,63,64] |
| Arbutin | 497-76-7 | Phenolic glycosides | Antimelanogenesis, antidiuretic, and antiviral | [65,66] |
| D- (-) salicin | 138-52-3 | Phenolic glycosides | Antiviral and anti-inflammatory. | [67,68,69] |
| Naringin | 10236-47-2 | Flavonoid glycosides | Anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antiviral | [70,71,72,73] |
| Kaempferitrin | 482-38-2 | Flavonoid glycosides | Hypoglycemic, anti-inflammatory, and antiviral | [74,75,76,77] |
| Isoquercitrin | 482-35-9 | Flavonoid glycosides | Antioxidant, antipruritic, neuroprotective, antibacterial, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, and antiviral | [78,79,80,81,82] |
| Chrysophanic acid | 481-74-3 | Anthraquinones | Antiviral | [83,84] |
| Aloe emodin | 481-72-1 | Anthraquinones | Antiviral, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial. | [85,86,87,88,89,90,91] |
| O-Coumaric acid | 614-60-8 | Phenols | Antiadipogenesis, antioxidant, and antiviral (as a component of a plant, indirectly) | [92,93,94,95] |
| Vanillin | 121-33-5 | Phenols | Antiviral, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antiapoptotic, neuroprotective, and antioxidant | [96,97,98,99,100] |
| Zanamivir | 139110-80-8 | NAIs | Anti-influenza | [101] |
NAIs: neuraminidase inhibitors; CAS No.: Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number.