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. 2023 Feb 8;24(4):3425. doi: 10.3390/ijms24043425

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© 2023 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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EP injury increased sensory hypersensitivity behaviors, demonstrating mechanical allodynia and axial spinal discomfort with no effect of injectate. (A) EP injury with TNFα injection decreased the normalized hindpaw withdrawal threshold. (B) Combined EP injury decreased the normalized hindpaw withdrawal threshold. (C) EP injury with PBS and TNFα injections decreased the normalized peak grip force. (D) Combined EP injury decreased the normalized peak grip force. * p < 0.05. ** p < 0.01. *** p < 0.001.