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. 2023 Feb 8;24(4):3425. doi: 10.3390/ijms24043425

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© 2023 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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EP injury increased CD68 activity in the spine. (A) Representative images of CD68 immunohistochemical staining with toluidine blue in entire IVD, AF, injured and uninjured EP, vertebral body, and longitudinal ligament. (B) Semi-quantitative analysis showed EP with PBS and TNFα injections slightly increased CD68-ir in the injured EP and vertebral body, but not to a statistically significant extent. (C) Combined EP injury increased CD68-ir in the injured EP and vertebral body. * p < 0.05.