Table 3.
Fatty acid composition of Tenebrio molitor larvae on a dry matter (DM) basis (relative% of total fatty acids). Data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation, n = 2.
| Fatty Acid | Group | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Start | CF5 | CF10 | CF15 | CF20 | FSF5 | FSF10 | FSF15 | FSF20 | GP4 | HPF5 | HPF8 | RHH4 | PPF5 | PPF6 | WB | |
| Lauric acid (C12:0) |
n.d. | 0.7 ± 0.1 | 4.6 ± 0.1 | 4.7 ± 0.1 | 3.2 ± 0.1 | 0.6 ± 0.0 | 0.6 ± 0.0 | n.d. | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 0.7 ± 0.1 | 0.7 ± 0.1 | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 0.7 ± 0.0 | 1.0 ± 0.1 | n.d. | 0.8 ± 0.1 |
| Myristic acid (C14:0) |
3.3 ± 0.0 | 4.8 ± 0.1 | 12.2 ± 0.7 | 12.9 ± 0.7 | 11.4 ± 0.4 | 3.3 ± 0.1 | 4.4 ± 0.1 | n.d. | 4.2 ± 0.1 | 6.4 ± 0.6 | 5.0 ± 0.6 | 4.4 ± 0.1 | 6.1 ± 0.5 | 4.4 ± 0.1 | 5.6 ± 0.4 | 3.8 ± 0.2 |
| Palmitic acid (C16:0) |
23.0 ± 2.6 | 22.2 ± 0.5 | 21.4 ± 0.2 | 20.1 ± 0.0 | 19.2 ± 0.1 | 19.3 ± 0.2 | 19.3 ± 0.7 | 22.2 ± 0.8 | 19.5 ± 0.5 | 27.1 ± 0.6 | 22.5 ± 0.7 | 19.2 ± 0.3 | 27.1 ± 0.5 | 23.1 ± 0.2 | 21.4 ± 0.2 | 21.7 ± 1.0 |
| Palmitoleic acid (C16:1) |
1.4 ± 0.5 | 1.6 ± 0.1 | 2.4 ± 0.1 | 1.5 ± 0.0 | 1.7 ± 0.1 | 2.1 ± 0.1 | 1.9 ± 0.0 | 1.4 ± 0.1 | 1.8 ± 0.1 | 2.3 ± 0.1 | 2.2 ± 0.1 | 2.5 ± 0.1 | 2.0 ± 0.1 | 2.3 ± 0.1 | 2.1 ± 0.1 | 1.6 ± 0.0 |
| Stearic acid (C18:0) |
4.7 ± 1.2 | 2.9 ± 0.0 | 3.1 ± 0.1 | 2.7 ± 0.1 | 3.2 ± 0.1 | 3.5 ± 0.0 | 3.4 ± 0.0 | 4.2 ± 0.0 | 4.0 ± 0.0 | 2.9 ± 0.1 | 3.4 ± 0.1 | 2.9 ± 0.1 | 2.8 ± 0.1 | 3.0 ± 0.0 | 6.7 ± 0.2 | 3.1 ± 0.1 |
| Oleic acid (C18:1 ω9) |
31.3 ± 4.9 | 39.8 ± 0.4 | 36.1 ± 0.5 | 41.2 ± 0.4 | 44.8 ± 0.1 | 43.1 ± 0.7 | 40.8 ± 0.2 | 37.1 ± 0.0 | 40.3 ± 0.7 | 36.8 ± 0.7 | 34.7 ± 0.6 | 35.7 ± 0.3 | 34.4 ± 0.7 | 35.0 ± 0.4 | 30.5 ± 0.2 | 37.4 ± 0.6 |
| Linoleic acid (C18:2 ω6) |
34.8 ± 6.3 | 27.2 ± 0.3 | 19.1 ± 0.4 | 16.5 ± 0.6 | 16.3 ± 0.6 | 25.9 ± 0.2 | 21.3 ± 0.3 | 22.1 ± 0.5 | 19.2 ± 0.4 | 22.7 ± 0.6 | 29.5 ± 0.6 | 30.8 ± 0.1 | 25.3 ± 0.3 | 29.8 ± 0.1 | 32.1 ± 0.1 | 30.3 ± 0.4 |
| α-Linolenic acid (C18:3 ω3) |
1.4 ± 0.6 | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 0.2 ± 0.1 | 2.1 ± 0.1 | 8.4 ± 0.7 | 13.0 ± 0.3 | 10.5 ± 0.0 | 1.1 ± 0.0 | 2.0 ± 0.0 | 3.8 ± 0.0 | 1.4 ± 0.1 | 1.4 ± 0.0 | 1.7 ± 0.1 | 1.3 ± 0.1 |
| ∑ SFA | 31.0 ± 1.4 | 30.6 ± 0.7 | 41.4 ± 0.9 | 40.4 ± 0.9 | 40.0 ± 0.4 | 26.8 ± 0.2 | 27.6 ± 0.8 | 26.3 ± 0.7 | 28.2 ± 0.4 | 36.2 ± 1.4 | 31.6 ± 1.3 | 27.3 ± 0.3 | 36.9 ± 0.9 | 31.6 ± 1.3 | 33.6 ± 0.4 | 29.3 ± 1.1 |
| ∑ MUFA | 32.8 ± 5.4 | 41.4 ± 0.5 | 38.6 ± 0.6 | 42.7 ± 0.4 | 46.5 ± 0.1 | 45.2 ± 0.5 | 42.7 ± 0.2 | 38.5 ± 0.1 | 42.1 ± 0.8 | 39.1 ± 0.8 | 36.4 ± 0.7 | 38.2 ± 0.4 | 36.4 ± 0.5 | 36.9 ± 0.7 | 32.6 ± 0.1 | 39.1 ± 0.6 |
| ∑ PUFA | 36.2 ± 6.8 | 28.0 ± 0.1 | 20.1 ± 0.3 | 16.9 ± 0.5 | 16.6 ± 0.5 | 28.0 ± 0.3 | 29.7 ± 1.0 | 35.1 ± 0.8 | 29.7 ± 0.4 | 23.8 ± 0.6 | 31.5 ± 0.6 | 34.5 ± 0.1 | 26.7 ± 0.3 | 31.5 ± 0.6 | 33.8 ± 0.3 | 31.7 ± 0.5 |
n.d.: not detected; Start: fatty acid content of the larvae at the beginning of the experiment; SFA: saturated fatty acids; MUFA: monounsaturated fatty acids; PUFA: polyunsaturated fatty acids; CF5: coconut flour and wheat bran (5% fat); CF10: coconut flour and wheat bran (10% fat); CF15: coconut flour and wheat bran (15% fat); CF20: coconut flour and wheat bran (20% fat); FSF5: flaxseed flour and wheat bran (5% fat); FSF10: flaxseed flour and wheat bran (10% fat); FSF15: flaxseed flour and wheat bran (15% fat); FSF20: flaxseed flour and wheat bran (20% fat); GP4: grape pomace and wheat bran (5% fat); HPF5: hemp protein flour and wheat bran (5% fat); HPF8: hemp protein flour and wheat bran (8% fat); RHH4: rose hip hulls and wheat bran (4% fat); PPF5: pea protein flour and wheat bran (5% fat); PPF6: pea protein flour and wheat bran (6% fat); and WB: wheat bran (control).