Table 4.

Electrochemical nanomodified graphene-based biosensors.

Reference	Sample/Analyte/Target	Type of Graphene	LOD/LR
[89]	Lead in blood sample	gFET	LOD below 37.5 ng/L
[90]	Cancer	gFET	LOD of less than 100 pg/ML
[91]	Human papillomavirus	graphene-polyaniline	2.3 nM LOD and 10–200 nM LR
[92]	Cardiac troponin	rGO, silver nanoparticles and Molybdenum sulfide (MOS)	0.3 pg/mL to 0.2 ng/mL LR
[93]	Breast cancer biomarkers	GO and gold nanoparticles	0.16 nM and 0.23 nM LOD and 378 nA/nM and 219 nA/nM for ERBB2 and CD24 respectively
[94]	Living cell peroxide	RGO-Pt	0.2 Um LOD and 0.5 µM to3.475 mM wide LR
[95]	Mycobacterium tuberculosis	RGO- gold NPs	1.0 × 10−15 to 1.0 × 10−9 M.
[96]	4 DNA bases	Reduced graphene-nanowalls	0.1 fM to 10 mM and 9.4 zM (∼5 dsDNA/mL)
[97]	Leukemia cells	graphene oxide nanoplates and reduced graphene oxide nanowalls	leukaemia fractions (LFs) of ∼10−11 LOD
[98]	Leukemia cells	Mg2+-charged spongy graphene electrodes	wide concentration range of 1.0 × 105–0.1 cell/mL and LOD of ∼0.02 cell/mL