. 2023 Feb 14;12(4):853. doi: 10.3390/plants12040853

Table 2.

The dose, mode of application, and the impact of biosynthesized Se-NPs onplant growth and development.

Plant Species	Se-NPsSource (Selenium and Their Combination)	Dosage/Size	Mode of Application	Impact of Se-NPs	Biochemical/ Molecular Function	References
Lactuca sativa	Na₂SeO₃ and SeO₃	50 mg L⁻¹	Foliar spray	Plant growth	1. Chlorophyll content was elevated at the early stages of plant germination. 2. Senescence prevention	[108]
Brassica napus	Na₂SeO₄	2.5 and 5.0 mg L⁻¹	Foliar spray	Plant growth and yield	Increased in yield, shoot length, and number of leaves plant⁻¹ under salt stress conditions	[101]
Solanum lycopersicum	N-Se, Na₂SeO₄	1 µM and 2.5 µM	Foliar spray	Plant growth at low and high-temperature conditions	Improved 27.5% green pigments content in hydroponic culture	[109]
Triticum aestivum	Se	7.06 μM	Foliar spray	Plant growth	Maintaining higher growth, fresh and dry matter content	[110]
Brassica juncea	Na₂SeO₄	10 µM	Foliar spray	Plant growth improvement	Enhancing growth and photosynthesis efficacy	[111]
Nicotiana tabacum	Na₂SeO₃	6 mg kg⁻¹	Foliar spray	Plant growth improvement	Improved plant growth by uplifting plant photosynthesis	[112]
S. lycopersicum	Na₂SeO₄	10 to 20 mg kg⁻¹	Directly to peat	Plant growth improvement	Increased vitamin A content in tomato fruit	[113]
S. lycopersicum	Na₂SeO₄	1 mg L⁻¹	Foliar	Improved plant growth and disease management	1. Increased antioxidant activity. 2. Control of gray mold rot infection	[114]
Raphanus sativus cv. Saxa	Se	5 mg	Foliar spray	Improved plant growth	Increasing the polyphenol content (flavanols, kaempferol derivative, and hydroxycinnamic acids) up to 10% higher than the control.	[90]
	Se	10 or 20µM	Foliar spray	Improved plant growth	1. Enhanced in Glucosinolates, 2. Dimeric-4 mercaptobutyl (DMB-GLS) concentration
	Se	40 µM	Foliar spray	Improved plant growth	In plant root systems, the stimulation of high-affinity sulfate transporter genes (Sultr1;1 and Sultr1;2)
S. lycopersicum	Na₂SeO₄	1 mg L⁻¹	Foliar pre-treatment	Improved plant growth	1. Delay in tomato fruit 2. Inhibition of ethylene biosynthetic genes—ACC synthase	[103]
Fragaria × ananassa	Na₂SeO₄	1.9 and 19 mg L⁻¹	Nutrient solution	Plant growth and fruit yield	Growth regulator’s upregulation, biomass, and nutraceutical quality	[115]
Ocimum basilicum	Na₂SeO₄	4, 8, and 12 mg L⁻¹	Nutrient solution	Plant growth	Biofortification (Se enrichment in the leaves)	[116]
Oryza sativa	Na₂SeO₃ and Na₂SeO₄	120–300 g ha⁻¹	Foliar	Improved yield	Enhanced Se content in the rice grains	[117]
Cyamopsis tetragonoloba	Se-NPs	400 mg	Foliar spray	Enhancing the growth yield	Enhancing the biochemical activity	[22]
Fragaria × ananassa	Se	100 µM	Nutrient solution	Enhancing the growth	Enhanced the accumulation of anthocyanins	[115]
L. sativa	SeO₂	5 mg L⁻¹	Nutrient solution	Enhancing the growth and biomass	Accumulation of 24 mg Kg⁻¹ of Se in leaves (Dry Weight)	[118]
Citrus aurantifolia	Se-NPs	50 mg L⁻¹	Imbibition of seeds	Plant growth improvement	Plant growth was improved	[119]
T. aestivum	Se-NPs	5 µM	Imbibition	Plant growth improvement	Enhance the root aquaporins	[47]
Daucus carota	Na₂SeO₄	1 mg L⁻¹	Foliar apply	Enhancing the yield	Increased yield, decreased fruit ripening	[120]
S. lycopersicum	Na₂SeO₄	1 and 1.5 L⁻¹	Hydroponics	Yield improvement	Delayed postharvest ripening	[121]
T. aestivum	Na₂SeO₄	10 g ha⁻¹	Soil application	Yield improvement	50% accumulation of Se in grains	[122]
T. aestivum	Na₂SeO₄ + surfactant	120 g ha⁻¹	Foliar apply	Enhancing the growth and biomass	1. Increased production by 48% and biomass by 30% 2. Increasing the grain weight (DW)	[123]
Arachis hypogaea	nSe	40 mg L⁻¹	Foliar	Enhanced plant growth	Improved antioxidant potential	[93]
S. lycopersicum	nSe	10 mg L⁻¹	Foliar	Plant growth improvement	1. Induce the salinity tolerance of growth 2. Enhanced antioxidant enzyme activity	[124]
Lubia	nSe	1.18 mg L⁻¹	Imbibition of seeds	Plant growth improvement	The total proteins, sugars, and increased seedling enzyme activity (α, β amylase, and protease)	[125]
Coriandrum sativum	nSe	25 and 50 mg L⁻¹	Foliar + surfactant tween 80–0.005	Plant growth improvement	Ascorbic acid content was improved.	[71]
Vicia faba	nSe	10 and 20 mg L⁻¹	Imbibition of seeds	Yield improvement	The cytotoxicity activity	[126]
(Fragaria × ananassa)	Se-NPs	10 and 20 mg L⁻¹	Foliar spray	Yield improvement	Enhanced organic acids and sugars content	[94]
Brassica chinensis	SeO₃²⁻	10 μM	Hydroponic	Plant growth improvement	Enhanced antioxidant activity	[80]
Vigna unguiculata	Se-NPs	6.25 µM	Foliar applications	Plant growth improvement	Increased the level of Indole Acetic Acid (IAA), Gibberellic Acid, and Cytokinins	[25]
Apium graveolens	SeNPs	5 mg L⁻¹, 50–78 nm	Foliar spray (Once in 10 days, 3 times application	Plant growth improvement	Increased primary and secondary metabolites	[96]
T. aestivum	Bio Se-NPs	100 µg mL⁻¹	Mixture with the soil at the rate of 5% (v/w).)	Plant germination and yield improvement	Improvement of plant growth and 5–40% enhancement of the grain quantity and quality	[127]
Dracocephalum moldavicum	Cs–Se NPs	5 mg L⁻¹	Exogenously applied	Plant growth and yield improvement	Enhance the improvement of the agronomic traits	[84]
Momordica charantia	Cs–Se NPs	10, and 20 mg L⁻¹	Foliar spray	Plant growth enhancement	Increasing antioxidant enzyme activity, proline, and relative water content.	[128]
Hordeum vulgare	Se-NPs	100 mg L⁻¹	Foliar mode	Enhancing plant growth	1. Increase in phenolic composites under saline conditions. 2. Decrease in ROS-mediated cellular membrane harm markers	[98]
H. vulgare	Se-NPs	4.65 g mL⁻¹	Dosage	Improvement of seedling growth	Greatest seed germination percentage	[68]
Citrus nobilis × Citrus deliciosa	Se-NPs	25, 50, 75, and 100 mg L⁻¹	Bio-Fabrication	Improvement of yield	Improving the content of carotenoids, chlorophyll, flavonoid, and soluble sugar)	[27]
Brassica napus	Bio Se-NPs	150 µmol L⁻¹	Exogenously applied	Improvement in growth	Increased the shoot and root length under salt stress conditions.	[37]
T. aestivum	Se-NPs	30 ppm (once a week)	Soybean straw biochar mixed with soil media	Improved growth	Significantly increased PSII efficiency under salt treatments	[87]