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. 2023 Feb 16;24(4):4002. doi: 10.3390/ijms24044002

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Schematic representation of TYK2-mediated JAK/STAT signaling network. Binding of cytokine to the cytokine receptor which consequently phosphorylates JAK proteins as the cytokine receptor itself lacks intrinsic biological activity. Activated JAKs induce the phosphorylation of STATs which, following dimerization, translocate into the nucleus and stimulate gene expression. JAKs activate other downstream signaling cascades, including PI3K/mTOR, RAS and NF-κB. 4EBP1: eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1; ACT1: NF-κB activator 1; AKT: protein kinase B; ASK: apoptosis signal-regulating kinase; ELK: E26 transformation-specific like-1 protein; ERK: extracellular signal-related kinase; FADD: Fas-Associated protein with Death Domain; FAK: focal adhesion kinase; GRB2: growth factor receptor-bound protein 2; HIF-1α: hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha; IKK: serine-specific IκB kinase; IRAK: interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase; IRF4: interferon regulatory factor 4; IRS: insulin receptor substrate; JAK: Janus kinase; JNK: c-Jun N-terminal kinases; MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinase; MEK/MKK: mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase; MEKK: mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase; mTOR: mammalian target of rapamycin; MYC: myelocytomatosis oncogene; MYD88: myeloid differentiation primary response 88; NF-κb: nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells; PDK1: phosphoinositide-dependent kinase-1; PI3K: phosphoinositide 3-kinases; PIP3: phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate; PKC: protein kinase C; PLC: phospholipase C; RAF: rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma; RAS: rat sarcoma virus; RIP: ribosome-inactivating protein; SHC: SHC (Src homology 2 domain containing) transforming protein; SHP2: Src homology region 2-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase-2; SOS: son of sevenless; SRC: proto-oncogene, non-receptor tyrosine kinase; STAT: signal transducer and activator of transcription; TAB: mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 7-interacting protein; TAK: mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 7; TRADD: tumor necrosis factor receptor type 1-associated DEATH domain protein; TRAF: tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factors; TYK: tyrosine kinase.