Table 5.
Pathway enrichment of methylation of top-ranked sites, obtained in the epigenome-wide methylation analysis of smoking (5 levels), based on the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG). The pathway names are ranked according to the smallest p-values and corrected for Bonferroni.
| Pathway Name | Enrichment Score | Enrichment p 1 | Bonferroni (Enrichment p) 2 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parathyroid hormone synthesis, secretion and action | 26.912 | 2.05 × 10−12 | 3.90 × 10−10 |
| VEGF signaling pathway | 22.448 | 1.78 × 10−10 | 3.39 × 10−8 |
| Morphine addiction | 21.911 | 3.05 × 10−10 | 5.80 × 10−8 |
| Endocrine resistance | 20.622 | 1.11 × 10−9 | 2.10 × 10−7 |
| Chemokine signaling pathway | 18.663 | 7.85 × 10−9 | 1.49 × 10−6 |
| Phospholipase D signaling pathway | 18.406 | 1.01 × 10−8 | 1.93 × 10−6 |
| Non-small cell lung cancer | 18.024 | 1.49 × 10−8 | 2.83 × 10−6 |
| Glioma | 17.219 | 3.33 × 10−8 | 6.32 × 10−6 |
| Cholinergic synapse | 17.090 | 3.78 × 10−8 | 7.19 × 10−6 |
| Hepatocellular carcinoma | 15.770 | 1.42 × 10−7 | 2.69 × 10−5 |
| Human cytomegalovirus infection | 15.279 | 2.32 × 10−7 | 4.40 × 10−5 |
| ErbB signaling pathway | 15.148 | 2.64 × 10−7 | 5.02 × 10−5 |
| Relaxin signaling pathway | 14.613 | 4.51 × 10−7 | 8.56 × 10−5 |
| Transcriptional misregulation in cancer | 13.791 | 1.03 × 10−6 | 1.95 × 10−4 |
| Small cell lung cancer | 13.644 | 1.19 × 10−6 | 2.26 × 10−4 |
| Apelin signaling pathway | 13.353 | 1.59 × 10−6 | 3.02 × 10−4 |
| Pathways in cancer | 13.329 | 1.63 × 10−6 | 3.09 × 10−4 |
| Fc gamma R-mediated phagocytosis | 12.986 | 2.29 × 10−6 | 4.36 × 10−4 |
| Circadian entrainment | 12.829 | 2.68 × 10−6 | 5.09 × 10−4 |
| Adrenergic signaling in cardiomyocytes | 12.365 | 4.27 × 10−6 | 8.11 × 10−4 |
| GnRH secretion | 11.470 | 1.04 × 10−5 | 1.98 × 10−3 |
| Growth hormone synthesis, secretion and action | 10.053 | 4.31 × 10−5 | 8.18 × 10−3 |
| Melanoma | 10.035 | 4.38 × 10−5 | 8.33 × 10−3 |
| Calcium signaling pathway | 9.991 | 4.58 × 10−5 | 8.70 × 10−3 |
| Platelet activation | 9.558 | 7.06 × 10−5 | 1.34 × 10−2 |
| Axon guidance | 9.510 | 7.41 × 10−5 | 1.41 × 10−2 |
| Pancreatic cancer | 9.430 | 8.03 × 10−5 | 1.53 × 10−2 |
| Chronic myeloid leukemia | 9.430 | 8.03 × 10−5 | 1.53 × 10−2 |
| Dopaminergic synapse | 8.928 | 1.33 × 10−4 | 2.52 × 10−2 |
| Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus infection | 8.742 | 1.60 × 10−4 | 3.04 × 10−2 |
| Bladder cancer | 8.386 | 2.28 × 10−4 | 4.33 × 10−2 |
| Chemical carcinogenesis—receptor activation | 7.854 | 3.88 × 10−4 | 7.38 × 10−2 |
| GABAergic synapse | 7.833 | 3.96 × 10−4 | 7.53 × 10−2 |
| Human immunodeficiency virus 1 infection | 7.803 | 4.09 × 10−4 | 7.76 × 10−2 |
| Breast cancer | 7.713 | 4.47 × 10−4 | 8.49 × 10−2 |
| Gastric cancer | 7.580 | 5.11 × 10−4 | 9.70 × 10−2 |
1p-value for the pathway enrichment based on KEGG. 2p-value for the Bonferroni correction.