Table 1.

Examples of the interaction between plant growth-promoting bacteria and nanomaterials in plant organisms.

Nanomaterial	Crops	PGPB	Effect	References
Nanozeolite	Zea mays	Bacillus spp.	Increase in the chlorophyll and carotenoid content, in the total sugar content, in the protein content, in seed germination, in the total phenolic content, in shoot and root height. The number of leaves and leaf area also increased significantly.	[102]
Nanotitania	Triticum aestivum L.	Alcaligenes faecalis Paenibacillus polymyxa Bacillus thuringiensi	Biomass increase under conditions of saline stress and pathogenic stress by the fungus Fusarium culmorum.	[103]
Nanosilicon dioxide	Zea mays	Pseudomonas taiwanensis Pantoea agglomeranscom	Increase in the plant’s height, the number of leaves, the content of chlorophyll, soluble proteins, phenols, flavonoids, and carotenoids. In addition, there was an increase in the antioxidant enzymes, catalase and peroxidase, and an improvement in soil health.	[104]
ZnONPs	Cucumis melo	Bacillus fortis	The synergy between PGPB and ZnONPs improved cadmium phytotoxicity. In addition, there was an increase in biochemical and plant growth parameters.	[105]
ZnONPs	Solanum lycopersicum L.	Bacillus subtilis Lactobacillus casei Bacillus pumilus	Increase leaf width, plant height, and fresh and dry weight of leaves and roots under saline stress conditions. Additionally, the synergy between PGPBs and NPs resulted in decreased DNA methylation.	[106]
FeONPs	Trachyspermum ammi L.	Providencia vermicola	The synergy between PGPB and FeONPs resulted in increased plant growth, photosynthetic pigments, sugars, and biomass under heavy metal arsenic stress conditions.	[107]
CuONPs	Triticum aestivum L.	Bacillus subtilis Lactobacillus casei Bacillus pumilus	Treatment with CuONPs and PGPB increased wheat tolerance to saline stress and showed an antigenotoxic effect.	[108]
Nanochitosan	Zea mays	Pseudomonas taiwanensis Pantoea agglomeranscom	An increase in seed germination, vigor, average height, carotenoid, and chlorophyll content. In addition, nanochitosan can improve beneficial bacterial growth.	[109]