Table 1.

Newer AEDs and oxidative stress.

AED	Inhibitory Transmission	Excitatory Transmission	Concentration of Oxidants under Normal Conditions (Preclinical Studies)	Concentration of Oxidants during Oxidative Stress (Preclinical Studies)	Concentration of Oxidants during Oxidative Stress (Clinical Studies)	Comments	References
VGB	↑↑↑	—	↑↑↑	↓↓↓	No data available	Animal studies have shown efficacy in FXS or in spinal cord injury. Clinical trials are needed.	[11,13,15,24]
LTG	—	↓↓↓	No data available	↓↓↓	↓↓↓ as compared to conventional AEDs	LTG effectively reduces oxidant levels, which may result in a reduction of cardiovascular risk and an increase in serum albumin concentration in patients with epilepsy.	[26,27,29,30,31]
TGB	↑↑↑	—	↑↑↑ when administered in high doses	↓↓↓	No data available	Results obtained in an animal model of HD indicate the possibility of using TGB in the treatment of HD. Clinical trials are required.	[32,33,35]
GBP	↑↑↑	↓↓↓	↑↑↑ when administered in high doses	↓↓↓	No data available	There are prospects of using GBP in treatment of HD, diabetic neuropathy, spinal cord injury.	[37,38,40,48,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,60,61,63]
OXC	—	—	No data available	↑	↑ in epileptic patients	Further research is needed due to conflicting data.	[7,27,71]
TPM	↑↑↑	↓↓↓	↑↑↑	↓↓↓ [72,73] ↑↑↑ [71]	No data available	Further research is needed due to conflicting data.	[27,71,72,73]
FBM	↑↑↑	↓↓↓	No data available	↓↓↓	No data available		[75,77]
LEV	↓ in healthy tissue [90] ↑ in post-epileptic tissue [91]	↓	↑	↑ [88] ↓ [77]	↑		[81,82,83,84,88,89]

↑↑↑ Increases; ↓↓↓ Decreases; ↑ Probably increased; ↓ Probably decreased; — No effect. FBM—Felbamate; GBP—Gabapentin; LTG—Lamotrigine; LEV—Levetiracetam; OXC—Oxcarbazepine; TPM—Topiramate; TGB—Tiagabine; VGB—Vigabatrin; LTG—Lamotrigine.