Table 1.
Correlation of 25(OH)D with TSH, thyroid hormones, thyroglobulin and anti-thyroid antibodies.
| Reference | Correlation of 25(OH)D with TSH, Thyroid Hormones and Thyroglobulin | Correlation of 25(OH)D with Anti-Thyroid Antibodies | Number of Participants | Diagnosis of Participants |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| [56] | ↔Thyroid function (levels of TSH, fT4, fT3) | ↓iTgAb, ↓iTPOAb (i-isolated) |
1812 | Healthy controls |
| [57] | ↓TPOAb | 642 | Healthy controls | |
| [52] | ↔TSH, ↔fT4 | ↓TPOAb | 4181 | Healthy controls |
| [54] | ↔TSH, ↓fT3, ↓fT4 | 300 | Healthy controls | |
| [55] | ↓TSH, ↔fT4, ↔fT3 | ↓TPOAb, ↓TgAb | 1424 | Adults (41–78 years) |
| [58] | ↑TSH, ↔fT4, ↔fT3 | ↓TPOAb, ↔TgAb |
155 | Healthy controls |
| [51] | ↔TSH, ↔fT4, ↑fT3 | ↓TPOAb, ↔TgAb | 168 | Elderly participants (65 years and older) |
| [59] | ↔TSH, ↔fT4 | ↔TPOAb, ↔TgAb | 2006 | Healthy controls |
| [49] | ↓TSH (also measured fT4 and fT3, but did not compare with 25(OH)D) | 294 | Healthy controls | |
| [50] | ↓TSH (only in younger participants) | ↔TPOAb, ↔TgAb | 2582 | Healthy controls |
| [53] | ↔TSH, ↑fT4, ↔fT3 | 123 | Healthy controls | |
| [60] | ↔TSH, ↔fT4, ↔fT3 | 2869 | Children (6–24 months of age) | |
| [61] | ↓TSH, ↑T3, ↑T4, ↑fT4 | ↓anti-thyroid antibodies (TPOAb, TgAb) | 153 | Pediatric cohort with balanced bone metabolism |
| [62] | ↓TSH, ↔fT4, ↔fT3 | (also measured TPOAb and TgAb, but did not compare with 25(OH)D) | 261 | Overweight subjects (216 patients with autoimmune thyroiditis) |
| [63] | ↔TSH (also measured fT4 and fT3, but did not compare with 25(OH)D) |
219 | Obese Chinese people (118 with mildly increased TSH) | |
| [64] | ↓TSH, ↑fT4, ↑fT3 | ↔TPOAb, ↔TgAb |
5262 | Healthy controls (4889) and patients with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (373) |
| [65] | ↓TSH (in patients with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis), ↔fT4, ↔T4, ↔T3 | ↔TPOAb, ↔TgAb |
637 | Healthy controls (176) and patients with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (461) |
| [66] | ↔TSH | ↑TPOAb (in males), ↔TgAb |
185 | Patients with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (97) and healthy controls (88) |
| [67] | ↔TSH, ↔fT4, ↔fT3 | ↓TPOAb ↓TgAb |
39 | Euthyroid women with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis |
| [68] | (also measured TSH and fT4, but did not compare with 25(OH)D) | ↓TPOAb (in children with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis) |
152 | Children with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (78) and healthy controls (74) |
| [69] | (also measured TSH, fT4 and fT3, but did not compare with 25(OH)D) | ↔TPOAb, ↔TgAb | 160 | Hypothyroid patients with and without Hashimoto’s thyroiditis |
| [70] | ↓TSH, ↔fT4 | 353 | Patients with autoimmune thyroiditis (30%), multinodular goiter (21.81%), Basedow disease (1.98%), postoperative myxedema (6.52%) and other pathologies like single thyroid nodule or partial agenesia (the rest of the patients) |
|
| [71] | ↔TSH, ↔fT4, ↔fT3 | ↓TPOAb (during winter, but not during summer) | 933 | Autoimmune thyroiditis |
| [72] | ↔TSH, ↔fT4, ↔fT3 | ↓TPOAb, ↓TgAb |
34 | Autoimmune thyroiditis (women) |
| [73] | ↔TSH, ↔fT4, ↔tT4, ↔fT3, ↔tT3 | ↓TPOAb, ↓TgAb |
32 | Prediabetic women with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis |
| [74] | ↓TSH (in men, n = 2193), ↔fT4 | ↓TPOAb (in women, n = 2163) | 4356 | Euthyroid participants, euthyroid participants with TPOAb, participants with hypothyroidism |
| [75] | ↔TSH, ↑fT4 (in patients with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis) | ↔TSHAb, ↔TPOAb ↔TgAb |
159 | Patients with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (88) and control subjects (71) |
| ↔fT4, ↔TSH in control group | ||||
| [76] | ↔ TSH, ↔ fT4, ↔ fT3 | ↓TPOAb | 200 | Patients with Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis (100) and heathy euthyroid controls (100) |
| [77] | ↔T4, ↔T3 | 21 | Hyperthyroid patients | |
| [78] | ↔TSH, ↔fT4, ↔fT3 | ↔TPOAb, ↔TgAb | 226 | Patients with Graves’ disease (51), euthyroid Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (61), Hashimoto’s thyroiditis receiving hormone therapy (63) and healthy controls (51) |
| [79] | ↓TSH, ↔fT4 | ↔TPOAb, ↔TgAb, ↔TSHRAb | 776 | Patients with Graves’ disease (148), Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (221) and participants with normal thyroid function and negative thyroid autoantibodies (407) |
| [80] | ↔TSH, ↔fT4 | 224 | Patients with diagnosed or suspected thyroid disease (hypo- and hyperthyroidism, thyroid nodule, and/or cancer) |
|
| [81] | ↓TSH (in patients with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis) (also measured T4 and T3, but did not compare with 25(OH)D) |
↔TPOAb | 86 | Patients with hypothyroid Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (41) and healthy euthyroid persons (45) |
| [82] | ↔TSH (also measured fT4 and TgAb, but did not compare with 25(OH)D) | ↔TPOAb | 136 | Children with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (68) and healthy children (68) |
| [83] | ↔TSH, ↔fT4, ↔fT3 | ↓TPOAb, ↔TgAb |
394 | Patients with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (194) and healthy controls (200) |
| [84] | ↓TSH, ↔fT4, ↑tT4, ↔fT3, ↔tT3 | ↔TPOAb, ↔TgAb | 169 | Patients with hypothyroid Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (90) and healthy controls (79) |
| [85] | ↔TSH (also measured fT4 and fT3, but did not compare with 25(OH)D) | ↔TPOAb, ↔TgAb, ↓TSHRAb | 2 case control studies: (1) 210 (2) 171 |
2 case control studies: (1) Patients with Graves’ disease (70), Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (70) and healthy controls (70) (2) Women with post-partum thyroiditis (57) and euthyroid mothers as controls (114) |
| [86] | (also measured TSH, fT4 and fT3, but did not compare with 25(OH)D) | ↓TPOAb (in patients with autoimmune thyroid disorder), ↔TSHRAb | 304 | Patients with autoimmune thyroid disorder (111) and without autoimmune thyroid disorder (193) |
| [87] | ↔TSH, ↔T4, ↔T3 | 25 | Infants with congenital hypothyroidism | |
| [88] | ↓fT3 (also measured TSH, fT4, tT4 and tT3, but did not compare with 25(OH)D) | 108 | Patients with hyperthyroidisms (55) and healthy controls (53) | |
| [89] | (also measured TSH, fT4 and T3, but did not compare with 25(OH)D) | ↔TBII, ↔TSAb | 143 | Patients with Graves’ disease |
| [90] | ↔ TSH, ↔ fT4, ↔ fT3 | ↑ TSHRAb | 188 | Patients with Graves’ disease who received radioiodine therapy (128) and healthy controls (60) |
| [91] | ↔TSH, ↔fT4, ↔fT3 | ↓TSHRAb, ↔TPOAb, ↔TgAb | 140 | Patients with Graves’ disease (70) and healthy controls (70) |
| [92] | ↔ Thyroid function (described by the levels of TSH, tT4, tT3 and TPOAb) | 398 | Healthy controls (109) and patients with thyroid nodules (289) | |
| [93] | ↓TSH, ↔Tg | ↔TgAb | 1161 | Patients with papillary thyroid cancer |
| [94] | ↔TSH | 548 | Female patients with papillary thyroid cancer |
|
| [95] | ↓TSH | ↓TPOAb | 820 | Patients with papillary thyroid cancer |
| [41] | ↔TSH | 433 | Patients with benign thyroid nodules and thyroid carcinomas | |
| [96] | ↓TSH, ↔fT4, ↑fT3 | 1706 | Patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma (1578) and benign thyroid diseases (128) | |
| [97] | ↓TSH, ↔fT4, ↔fT3 | (also measured TPOAb, TSHRAb and TgAb, but did not compare with 25(OH)D) | 567 | Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (389) and healthy controls (178) |
| [98] | ↔TSH, ↔fT4 | 151 | Patients with metabolic disorders | |
| [99] | ↓TSH, ↑fT4, ↑fT3 | ↓TPOAb, ↓TgAb | 59 | Women with post-partum thyroiditis; hypothyroid (14), euthyroid with post-partum thyroiditis (14), with non-autoimmune hypothyroidism (16) and healthy controls (15) |
| [100] | ↔TSH, ↓fT3, ↔fT4 | ↔TPOAb, ↔TgAb | 283 | Pregnant women with vitamin D deficiency |
| [101] | ↔TSH, ↔fT4, ↔fT3 | 132 | Women in early pregnancy (1st trimester) | |
| [102] | ↔TSH, ↔fT4, ↔fT3 | ↔TPOAb, ↔TgAb | 50 | Pregnant women |
| [103] | ↑TSH, ↓fT4, ↔tT4, ↓fT3, ↔tT3 | 277 | Women in 2nd trimester of pregnancy | |
| [104] | ↓TSH, ↔fT4 | ↓TPOAb, ↓TgAb | 200 | Pregnant woman with subclinical hypothyroidism and gestational diabetes mellitus (100) and healthy pregnant woman (100) |
| [105] | ↔TSH, ↔fT4, ↔fT3 | ↔TPOAb, ↔TgAb | 50 | Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (autoimmune thyroid disease detected in 12 patients) |
This table includes only studies conducted in human subjects. (↔) no association, (↓) negative association, (↑) positive association. 25(OH)D, 25-hydroxyvitamin D; fT3, free triiodothyronine; fT4, free thyroxine; T3, triiodothyronine; T4, thyroxine; TBII, TSH-binding inhibitory immunoglobulin; Tg, thyroglobulin; TgAb, anti-thyroglobulin antibody; TPOAb, anti-thyroid peroxidase antibody; TSAb, thyroid-stimulating antibody; TSH, thyroid stimulating hormone; TSHRAb; TSH receptor antibody; tT3, total T3; tT4, total T4.