Table 2.

Changes in the levels of TSH, thyroid hormones, thyroglobulin and anti-thyroid antibodies following vitamin D (cholecalciferol) therapy/supplementation.

Reference	Vitamin D Therapy/Supplementation Caused the Following Changes in the Levels of TSH, Thyroid Hormones and Thyroglobulin:	Vitamin D Therapy/Supplementation Caused the Following Changes in the Levels of Anti-Thyroid Antibodies:	Number of Participants	Diagnosis of Participants
[114] (meta-analysis)	↔ TSH, ↔ fT4, ↔ fT3	↓TPOAb, ↔TgAb	258	Hashimoto’s thyroiditis
[111]	↓TSH, ↓fT3, ↓fT4, ↓Tg	↓TPOAb, ↓TgAb	11,017	Participants in wellness program receiving vitamin D supplementation (2% hypothyroid and 22% subclinical hypothyroid)
[113]	↓TSH (in autoimmune thyroiditis positive group)		198	Autoimmune thyroiditis negative (103) and autoimmune thyroiditis positive (95)
[115]	↔TSH, ↔fT4	↓TPOAb	100	Patients with autoimmune thyroid disorder
[116]	↔TSH	↔TPOAb, ↔TgAb	34	Female patients with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis
[112]	↓TSH, ↔T4, ↔T3		201	Hypothyroid patients
[117]	Vitamin D/selenomethionine combination therapy caused: ↔TSH, ↔fT4, ↔fT3, ↓fT4/fT3	Vitamin D/selenomethionine combination therapy caused: ↓TPOAb, ↓TgAb	38	Euthyroid women with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis
[118]	Vitamin D/dehydroepiandrosterone(DHEA) combination therapy caused: ↓TSH, ↔fT4, ↔fT3	Vitamin D therapy or vitamin D/dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) combination therapy caused: ↓TPOAb, ↓TgAb	35	Women with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis
[119]	↔TSH, ↔fT4, ↔fT3, ↔fT4/fT3	↓TPOAb, ↓TgAb	62	Women with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis
[120]	↔TSH	↔TPOAb	56	Hashimoto’s thyroiditis
[121]	↓TSH, ↑T4		12	Hypothyroid patients
[122]	↔TSH, ↔fT4, ↔fT3	↓TPOAb, ↓TgAb	59	Non-lactating L-thyroxine-treated women with postpartum thyroiditis (38) and matched healthy postpartum women (21)
[123]	↔TSH, ↔fT4, ↔fT3	↓TPOAb, ↓TgAb	57	Levothyroxine-treated euthyroid women with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis and vitamin D insufficiency
[124]	↔TSH, ↔fT4, ↔fT3	↓TPOAb, ↓TgAb	34	Women with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis
[125]	↔TSH, ↔fT4, ↔fT3	↓TPOAb, ↓TgAb	37	Euthyroid men with autoimmune thyroiditis
[126]	↔TSH, ↔fT4, ↔fT3	↓TPOAb, ↓TgAb	36	Men with euthyroid Hashimoto’s thyroiditis and testosterone deficiency
[73]	Vitamin D/metformin combination therapy caused: ↓TSH, ↔fT4, ↔fT3	Vitamin D/ metformin combination therapy caused: ↓TPOAb, ↓TgAb	32	Women with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis
[127]	↓TSH (in patients receiving vitamin D supplementation), ↔T4, ↔T3	↔TPOAb, ↓TgAb (in patients receiving vitamin D supplementation)	40	Female patients with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

This table includes only studies conducted in human subjects. (↔) no effect, (↓) decrease, (↑) increase. fT3, free triiodothyronine; fT4, free thyroxine; T3, triiodothyronine; T4, thyroxine; Tg, thyroglobulin; TgAb, anti-thyroglobulin antibody; TPOAb, anti-thyroid peroxidase antibody; TSH, thyroid stimulating hormone; tT3, total T3; tT4, total T4.