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. 2023 Jan 20;15(2):353. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020353

Table 5.

Pharmacokinetic Parameters.

Groups Dose (IU/kg) Cmax (mU/L) Tmax (min) AUC 0–120 min (mU/L × h) BA (%)
INS-SOL (S.C.) 1 11.1 ± 1.1 36.7 ± 12.0 16.2 ± 2.6 100
INS-LANano (I.N.) 2 14.3 ± 2.7 * 12.5 ± 2.2 11.3 ± 0.9 23.3 ± 1.8 *,**
INS-SEN (I.N.) 2 8.8 ± 2.6 10.0 ± 0.0 7.7 ± 0.3 15.8 ± 0.6 *
INS-SOL (I.N.) 2 4.1 ± 0.2 13.3 ± 3.3 3.4 ± 0.4 6.9 ± 0.8

Cmax: maximum plasma insulin concentration; Tmax: time to reach Cmax; AUC: area under the insulin concentration-time curve; I.N.: intranasal administration; SC: subcutaneous administration; BA: relative bioavailability compared with SC; Each value represents the mean ± SEM (n = 3–4); *: Significantly higher than INS-SOL (I.N.) **: Significantly higher than INS-SEN (I.N.); (p < 0.05).