Table 5.

Potential cellular and viral targets of KSHV miRNAs ⁵.

Herpesvirus	miRNA	Target	Function	References
Cellular targets	miR-K12-1	MICB P21 IκBα CASPASE 3 xCT	Immune evasion Oncogenesis Cell survival Modulates latent/lytic infection Facilitates viral entry	[105,107,109,110,111,121]
	miR-K12-3	CASPASE 3 NFIB	Cell survival Modulates latent/lytic infection	[109,117]
	miR-K12-4-3p	CASPASE 3 RBL	Cell survival Modulates latent/lytic infection	[109,116]
	miR-K12-5	MYD88 BCLAF1	Immune evasion Modulates latent/lytic infection	[103,118]
	miR-K12-6	xCT	Facilitates viral entry	[110,113]
	miR-K12-9	IRAK1 BCLAF1 xCT	Immune evasion Modulates latent/lytic infection Facilitates viral entry	[103,109,118]
	miR-K12-10	TWEAKR TGFBR2	Immune evasion Cell survival Cell survival Oncogenesis	[106,107]
	miR-K12-11	xCT IKKε SMAD5	Facilitates viral entry Modulates latent/lytic infection Immune evasion Cell survival Oncogenesis	[104,108,110,113]
Viral targets	miR-K12-7 miR-K12-9	KSHV ORF50	Modulates latent/lytic infection	[115]

⁵ The table presents KSHV miRNAs, their targets (cellular/viral), and their modes of action. Abbreviations: MICB, MHC class-I-related chain B; P21, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A; IκBα, nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, alpha; xCT, solute carrier family 7 (anionic amino acid transporter light chain, xC-system), member 11; NFIB, nuclear factor I/B; RBL, retinoblastoma-like protein 2; MYD88, myeloid differentiation primary response 88; BCLAF1, BCL2-associated transcription factor 1; IRAK1, interleukin 1 receptor-associated kinase 1;TWEAKR, tumor necrosis factor-like weak inducer of apoptosis receptor; TGFBR2, transformation of growth factor beta-receptor II; IKKε, IκB kinase epsilon; SMAD5, SMAD family member 5; KSHV ORF50, Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus open reading frame 50.