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. 2023 Jan 26;15(2):417. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020417

Table 1.

Recent studies on electrospun nanofibers as potential medical devices.

Type of Use Type of Production Polymer Solvent Bioactive Agent Excipients Cell Line/Animal Ref.
Wound dressing Single-needle solution ES Starch-TPU DMSO, DMF - - NHDFs, Sprague Dawley rats [80]
Wound dressing Single-needle solution ES Functionalized CS 80% AcOH - PEO (sacrificial polymer),
2-formylphenyl-boronic acid (imination reactant/reagent)		 NHDFs [81]
Wound dressing Single-needle solution ES Alginate/dextran and alginate/PEO DW,
pH 5.5 PBS		 - PBS (conductivity); P407 and TX100 (surface tension) NHDFs [82]
Wound dressing Single-needle solution ES PVDF,
zP(S-r-4VP) zwitterionic copolymer		 DMF,
acetone		 - - L929 mouse fibroblast cells, mice [83]
Wound dressing Single-needle solution ES SF/PCL HFIP - CS and COL type I (coat) NHDFs [84]
Wound dressing Coaxial ES DMF, DW - - L929 mouse fibroblast cells, Albino Wister rats [85]
Wound dressing Single-needle solution ES CS/PEO 80% AcOH - HA (coat) NHDFs [86]
Wound dressing Single-needle solution ES CS/PEO 80% AcOH - - NHDFs [87]
Wound dressing Single-needle solution ES GEL/PCL HFIP Ag and Mg ions - NHDFs,
HUVECs,
Sprague Dawley rats		 [88]
Wound dressing Single-needle solution ES PVA/CS/starch DW, AcOH - - L929 mouse fibroblast cells [89]
Wound dressing Single-needle solution ES CS/PCL—HA/PEO bilayered scaffolds Formic acid, acetone, DW - - Vero cell (monkey epithelial cell line) [90]
Wound dressing Single-needle solution ES CS/PEO AcOH, DW - Benzophenone (photoinitiator for photo-crosslinking) - [91]
Wound dressing Single-needle solution ES PCL/COL HFIP - - Human foreskin fibroblasts, Sprague Dawley rats [92]
Wound dressing Single-needle solution ES CS/PVA 80% AcOH, DW - NaBH4 solution (3D layered NF sponge creation) 3T3 mouse fibroblasts, JB6 epidermal cells, C57BL/6 mice [93]
Wound dressing Single-needle solution ES VDF-TeFE/PVP Acetone, isopropanol, DMF ZnO - Wistar rats [94]
Wound dressing or implant coating Single-needle solution ES PET TFA, DCM Ag nanoparticles - AFSCs,
CD1 mice		 [95]
Skin tissue scaffold Co-ES + electroblowing Soy protein isolate/PEO—PEO HFIP, ethanol - - HDFBs, RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cell line [96]
Skin tissue scaffold Hierarchical construction ES (Sandwich mode) PLGA/SF THF, DMF, formic acid - - Human skin stem cells [97]
Skin tissue scaffold Single-needle solution ES PCL/silk sericin TFE, formic acid - 3D-printed CS/sodium alginate hydrogel (bottom layer) NHDFs [98]
Skin tissue scaffold Single-needle solution ES PCL DCM, DMF - Poloxamer 407 BMSCs (C57BL/6 mice) [99]
Tissue engineering scaffolds Single-needle solution ES EPU/SF TFA - - Fibroblast cells from human neonatal foreskin [100]
Tissue engineering scaffolds Single-needle solution ES PLA/CS Chloroform, AcOH - - GM07492 human fibroblast cells [101]
Tissue engineering scaffolds Single-needle solution ES PCL HFIP - Neutralized COL (coat) C57BL/6 mice, de-identified healthy small intestine tissues from discarded surgical samples of infant, teenager or adult [102]
Tissue engineering scaffolds Wet ES
(+CO2 foaming)		 PLA Chloroform, DMF - - NIH 3T3 fibroblasts [103]
Tissue engineering scaffolds Coaxial ES PU/CS THF, DMF - PEO (co-spinning polymer of CS) - [104]
Tissue engineering scaffolds Single-needle solution ES PCL Acetone Y2O3 nanoparticles - L-929 mouse fibroblast cells, UMR-106 rat osteoblast-like cells, Sprague Dawley rats [105]
Tissue engineering scaffolds Single-needle solution ES PCL DCM, DMF - - Green fluorescent protein (GFP)-labeled fibroblasts, rat neural progenitor cells, rats [106]
Tissue engineering scaffolds Coaxial ES PCL—core; PEG-NB—shell HFIP - Irgacure 2959
(photoinitiator for UV polymerization)		 Bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cells, Sprague Dawley rats [107]
Tissue engineering scaffolds Single-nozzle solution ES combined with extrusion-based 3D-printing technology PS DMF, THF - 85% phosphoric acid solution (doping agent) - [108]
Tissue engineering scaffolds Single-needle solution ES PU/carbon nanotube composites DMF _ _ HUVECs [109]
Bladder tissue engineering scaffolds Coaxial ES PLCL—core; HA—shell HFIP,
formic acid		 - - Rat bladder smooth muscle cells, Sprague Dawley rats [110]
Bladder tissue engineering scaffolds Single-needle solution ES PLCL HFIP - COL type I (coat) hADSCs,
Sprague–Dawley rats		 [111]
Dura mater substitute Near-field solution ES n-octyl-2-cyanoacrylate - - - Harvested dura [112]
Dura mater substitute Coaxial ES Tetramethylpyrazine—core; PLGA—shell Ethanol, HFIP - CS (PLGA/CS graft) SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells, fibroblasts [113]
Dura mater substitute (triple-layered) Single-needle solution ES—inner and middle layer; melt-based electrohydrodynamic printing—outer layer PCL HFIP Gentamicin—inner layer; nano-hydroxyapatite—outer layer - NHDFs, MC3T3-E1 cells [114]
Interface tissue engineering scaffolds Single-needle solution ES PCL Chloroform, DMF - - - [115]
Oral hard- and soft-tissue engineering scaffolds Melt ES writing PCL - - - MG63 human osteoblast-like cells, HaCaT keratinocyte cells, L929 fibroblast cells [40]
Bone tissue engineering scaffolds Single-needle solution ES + melt ES writing GEL—solution ES; PCL—melt ES writing AcOH - - Saos-2 cells [116]
Bone tissue engineering scaffolds Modified free surface (bubble) ES PVA DW - Sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonates (surfactant) - [117]
Bone tissue engineering scaffolds Single-needle solution ES HA/PEO, PVA DW TGF-β 2, Baicalein - - [118]
Bone tissue engineering scaffolds Single-needle solution ES CA/PCL HFIP - CS (aerogel) MC3T3-E1 murine osteoblast cells [119]
Artificial blood vessels Single-needle solution ES dPCU HFIP - - Sprague Dawley rats [120]
Artificial blood vessels Multi-nozzle solution ES and co-ES Bovine GEL/PCL 20% AcOH, DMF, DCM - - 3T3 mouse fibroblasts [121]
Artificial blood vessels Single-needle solution ES—inner layer; co-ES—outer layer RHC/PCL—inner layer;
PCL—outer layer		 HFIP,
ethanol		 - PEO (sacrificial polymer) HUVECs—inner layer;
A7r5 rat smooth muscle cells—outer layer		 [122]
Artificial blood vessels Single-needle solution ES PEUU HFIP Heparin PEG (to earn PEUU@PEG-Hep grafts) HUVECs,
rats and New Zealand white rabbits		 [123]
Artificial blood vessels Coaxial ES COL DW - PVP (sacrificial polymer) HUVECs [124]
Artificial blood vessels Single-needle solution ES + magnetic environment—inner layer; double-nozzle ES—middle layer; single-needle solution ES—outer layer PLCL/COL–PLGA/SF–PLCL/COL tri-layer graft HFIP - - HUVECs, smooth muscle cells,
male nude mice		 [125]
Cardiovascular stent coating Coaxial ES PU—core; PECA—shell THF, DMF, acetone, DMSO - - NIH-3T3 mouse fibroblasts, platelet [126]
Cardiovascular stent coating Single-needle solution ES Co-recombiner silk-elastin TFE - - HUVECs [127]
Drug-eluting stent coating Single-needle solution ES PCL/HSA HFIP Paclitaxel Triethylamine Rabbit iliac artery (drug-release study) [128]
Drug-eluting stent coating Single-needle solution ES CS/PEO/HPβCD 90% AcOH Simvastatin - HPMEC [129]
Drug-eluting stent coating Single-needle solution ES PLGA HFIP Vildagliptin - HUVECs,
New Zealand white rabbits		 [130]
Drug-eluting stent coating Microfluidic ES GelMA/PEGDA—inner layer; PCL—outer layer DW,
methanol, DCM		 Heparin, VEGF Polydopamine (adherence enhancer),
2-hydroxy-2-methylpropiophenone (photoinitiator for photocrosslinking)		 HUVECs, HUASMCs, New Zealand white rabbits [131]
Respiratory mask Nozzle-free ES (NTP120 setup) PAN DMF Tea tree essential oil Polyamidoamine dendritic polymers (drug delivery) - [132]
Respiratory mask Corona ES PVDF DMF,
acetone		 - - - [133]
Respiratory mask Single-needle solution ES PCL Acetone - - - [134]

Abbreviations: AcOH—acetic acid, AFSC—human amniotic fluid stem cells, BMSCs—bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, CA—cellulose acetate, COL—collagen, CS—chitosan, DCM—dichloromethane, DMF—N,N-dimethylformamide, DMSO—dimethyl sulfoxide, dPCU—degradable polycarbonate urethane, DW—deionized water, EPU—elastomeric polyurethane, ES—electrospinning, GEL—gelatin, GelMA—methylacrylated gelatin, HA—hyaluronic acid, hADSCs—human adipose-derived stem cells, HAS—human serum albumin, HDFBs—primary human dermal fibroblasts, HFIP—1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol, HPβCD—2-hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin, HPMEC—human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells, HUASMCs—human umbilical arterial smooth muscle cells, HUVECs—human umbilical vein endothelial cells, NF—nanofiber, NHDFs—normal human dermal fibroblasts, P407—Kolliphor P407 poloxamer, PAN—polyacrylonitrile, PBS—phosphate-buffered solution, PCL—polycaprolactone, PECA—Poly(ethyl2-cyanoacrylate), PEG-NB—polyethylene glycol norbornene, PEGDA—polyethylene glycol diacrylate, PEO—poly(ethylene oxide), PET—polyethylene terephthalate, PEUU—poly(ester urethane)urea, PLA—polylactic acid, PLCL—poly(l-lactide)/poly(e-caprolactone), PLGA—poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid), PS—polystyrene, PU—polyurethane, PVA—poly(vinyl alcohol), PVDF—poly(vinylidene fluoride), PVP—polyvinylpyrrolidone, RHC—recombinant human collagen peptides, Saos-2—human osteosarcoma cells, SF—silk fibroin, TFA—trifluoroacetic acid, TFE—tetrafluoroethylene, THF—tetrahydrofuran, TPU—thermoplastic polyurethane, TX100—Triton X-100, VDF-TeFE—vinylidene fluoride-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer, VEGF—vascular endothelial growth factor, Y2O3—Yttrium oxide, ZnO—zinc oxide.