Figure 5.

Under salinity stress due to high sodium concentration, the cell activates several protective systems that lead to adaptation. The sodium sensor promotes an increase in calcium in the cytoplasm that regulates the SOS1 and SOS3. These complexes are responsible for sodium accumulation in the vacuole and extrusion of sodium in the apoplast out of the cell. Sodium and calcium regulate the plant hormone network and interact with each other to allow for crop adaptation to high-salinity conditions.