Table 1.
Main molecular effects of salt stress in different vegetable and ornamental crops.
| Plant Species and Cultivar | Salt Stress Level | Effect of Salt Stress on Plants | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Aquilegia oxysepala Trautv. & C.A.Mey., A. parviflora Ledeb., and A. viridiflora Pall. | 5.0 ± 0.2 dS m−1 and 10.0 ± 0.2 dS m−1 | Increase in MDA and proline; increased activity of SOD (5.0 dS m−1); A. parviflora POD increase; and A. viridiflora POD increase (10.0 dS m−1) | [14] |
| Brassica oleracea L. | 80 mM | POX increase | [15] |
| Brassica oleracea L. | 50, 100, 150, and 200 mM NaCl | Increase in CAT and POX activity, increase in proline | [16] |
| Brassica rapa L. subsp. rapa ‘Qiamagu’ | 50, 100, 150, and 200 mM NaCl | Increased activity of SOD (50, 100, 150, and 200 mM), POD (100, 150, and 200 mM), CAT (150 mM), and APX (200 mM); increase in MDA (100, 150, 200 mM) | [17] |
| Brassica rapa L. subsp. rapa ‘Wenzhoupancai’ | 50, 100, 150, and 200 mM NaCl | Increased activity in SOD and APX (200 mM), POD and CAT (100, 150, and 200 mM); increase in MDA (100, 150 mM) | [17] |
| Calendula officinalis L. | 50–100 mM NaCl, 36 d | Increase in proline | [18] |
| Calendula officinalis L. | 1, 5, and 9 dSm−1 | Increase in MDA in leaves and roots, increase in proline in leaves (9 dS m−1), and increase in CAT activity; decrease in POD activity | [6] |
| Capsicum annuum L. | 2000 and 4000 ppm NaCl | Increased activity of CAT and POX; increase in proline | [19] |
| Capsicum annuum L. | 75 mM NaCl | Increase in SOD, POX, and CAT activity; increase in MDA | [20] |
| Capsicum annuum L. ‘Candy Apple’ | 35, 70, and 105 mM | Increase in APX and PPO activity | [21] |
| Carthamus tinctorius L. | 50, 100, and 150 mM NaCl | Increased activity of CAT (50 mM), SOD (100 mM), and POD (50, 100, and 150 mM) | [22] |
| Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don | 150 mM NaCl | MDA increase in vegetative and flowering stage; increase in CAT, GPX, and GR activity in vegetative and flowering stage | [23] |
| Chrysanthemum L. cvs. (‘Garden Beauty’, ‘Shanti’, ‘Red Stone’, ‘Basanti’, ‘Yellow Reflex’, ‘Ravi Kiran’, ‘Anmol’, ‘Mother Teresa’, ‘Sweta Singar’, and ‘Jaya’) | 150 mM NaCl | Increase in proline | [24] |
| Cornus florida L. and C. hongkongensis subsp. elegans (Fang & Hsieh) Q.Y.Xiang | 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, and 0.45% salt solution | Increase in MDA, SOD activity (0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, and 0.45% salt solution) and proline (0.3%, 0.4%, and 0.45% salt solution) | [25] |
| Cucumis melo L. | 30, 60, and 90 mM NaCl | Increase in proline, MDA, APX, CAT, SOD, and POD | [26] |
| Cucumis sativus L. (‘Green long’, ‘Marketmore’, ‘Summer green’, and ‘20252’) | NaCl 50 mM L−1 | Increase in proline | [27] |
| Dracaena braunii Engl. | 2.0 and 7.5 dS m−1 | Increase in proline | [28] |
| Fragaria ×ananassa (Duchesne ex Weston) Duchesne ex Rozier ‘Gaviota’ | 50 mM | Increase in MDA | [29] |
| Helianthus annuus L. (ornamental sunflower) | 150 mM NaCl | Increased activity of CAT and POD; increase of proline | [30] |
| Lavandula multifida L. | 10–200 mM NaCl, 60 d | Increase in soluble sugars concentration | [31] |
| Luffa acutangula Roxb. | 75 and 150 mM | Increase in proline | [32] |
| Ocimum gratissimum L. (African basil) | 30, 60, 90, 120 mM | Increase in proline in leaves (120 mM) and root (90 and 120 mM) | [33] |
| Oenanthe javanica DC. ‘V11E0022’ and ‘V11E0135’ | 50 and 100 mM NaCl | Increase in leaves and roots of MDA and proline | [34] |
| Pisum sativum L. ‘L-888’ and ‘Round’ | 150 mM | ‘L-888’ increase in CAT activity; ‘Round’ increase in proline and decrease in SOD activity | [35] |
| Polianthes tuberosa L. | 50 and 100 mM NaCl | Increase in SOD, POD (100 mM), GR, and APX; increase in proline (100 mM) | [36] |
| Portulaca oleracea subsp. oleracea L., P. grandiflora Hook., P. halimoides L., and P. oleracea ‘Toucan Scarlet Shades’ | 100, 200, and 400 mM | Increase in proline in leaves and roots | [37] |
| Rosa damascena Mill. ‘Kashan’ | 4, 8, and 12 dS m−1 | Increase in MDA (8 mM); increase in proline (8, 12 mM); and increase of CAT activity | [38] |
| Solanum lycopersicum L. | 50 μM S-nitroso-N-acetyl penicillamine (SNAP) 200 | Increased activity of APX, glutathione reductase (GR), peroxidase and rise in proline content | [39] |
| Solanum lycopersicum L. | 100 mM | Mn-SOD, MDHAR, and GR decrease | [40] |
| Solanum lycopersicum L. | 300 mM NaCl | Increase in proline | [41] |
| Solanum lycopersicum L. | 150 mM NaCl | Increase in MDA content; increase in SOD and CAT activity | [42] |
| Solanum lycopersicum L. ‘Liaoyuanduoli’ | 150 mM NaCl | Increase in MDA and SOD, APX, GPX, GR, MDHAR, and DHAR activity | [43] |
| Solanum lycopersicum L. ‘Pusa Ruby’ | 150 mM NaCl | Increase in proline and MDA; increase activity of APX, MDHAR, DHAR, GR, SOD, CAT, GPX, and GST | [44] |