Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of participants by sarcopenia and gender in CHARLS 2011.
| Sarcopenia | p Value a | Gender | p Value a | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall (N = 1978) |
Yes (N = 256) |
No (N = 1722) |
Male (N = 1074) |
Female (N = 904) |
|||
| Age, years | 71.2 ± 5.3 | 74.1 ± 6.1 | 70.8 ± 5.0 | <0.001 | 71.07 ± 5.0 | 71.34 ± 5.5 | 0.245 |
| Female, N, | 904 (45.7%) | 119 (46.5%) | 785 (45.6%) | 0.788 | |||
| Rural, N | 1469 (74.3%) | 222 (86.7%) | 1247 (72.4%) | <0.001 | 775 (72.1%) | 649 (71.7%) | 0.019 |
| Currently married, N | 1422 (71.9%) | 151 (59.0%) | 1271 (73.8%) | <0.001 | 876 (81.6%) | 546 (60.3%) | <0.001 |
| Illiterate education, N | 710 (35.9%) | 133 (52.0%) | 577 (33.5%) | <0.001 | 218 (20.3) | 492 (54.4%) | <0.001 |
| Drinking, N | 844 (42.7%) | 107 (41.8%) | 737 (42.8%) | 0.762 | 690 (64.2%) | 154 (17.0%) | <0.001 |
| Smoking, N | 918 (46.4%) | 128 (50.0%) | 790 (45.9%) | 0.217 | 785 (73.1%) | 133 (14.7%) | <0.001 |
| CES-D score | 16.6 ± 10.8 | 15.7 ± 10.4 | 16.7 ±10.9 | 0.040 | 17.4 ± 10.9 | 15.6 ± 10.7 | <0.001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 22.7 ± 4.1 | 19.4 ± 2.1 | 23.2 ±4.1 | <0.001 | 22.3 ± 3.6 | 23.3 ± 4.5 | <0.001 |
| Disease count b | 1.6 (1.5, 1.7) | 1.4 (1.3, 1.6) | 1.6 (1.5, 1.7) | 0.030 | 1.5 ±1.3 | 1.7 ± 1.3 | 0.029 |
| Cognitive function | 9.7 ± 4.0 | 7.6 ± 3.8 | 10.0 ± 4.0 | <0.001 | 10.6 ± 3.8 | 8.5 ± 4.0 | <0.001 |
| Z-score | 0.0 ± 1.0 | -0.5 ± 0.5 | 0.08 ± 0.06 | <0.001 | 0.2 ± 0.9 | −0.3 ± 0.9 | <0.001 |
| Cognitive components | |||||||
| Orientation | 3.6 ±1.4 | 3.0 ± 1.3 | 3.7 ± 1.3 | <0.001 | 3.8 ± 1.3 | 3.3 ± 1.4 | <0.001 |
| Memory | 2.9 ±1.7 | 2.3 ± 1.5 | 3.0 ± 1.7 | <0.001 | 3.1 ± 1.7 | 2.8 ± 1.6 | <0.001 |
| Attention and computation | 2.6 ±2.0 | 1.9 ± 1.9 | 2.7 ± 2.0 | <0.001 | 3.1 ± 1.9 | 2.0 ± 1.9 | <0.001 |
| Language | 0.6 ± 0.5 | 0.4 ± 0.5 | 0.6 ± 0.5 | <0.001 | 0.7 ± 0.5 | 0.4 ± 0.5 | <0.001 |
| BDRM score | 78.2 ± 5.8 | 81.5 ± 6.7 | 77.7 ± 5.5 | <0.001 | 78.0 ± 5.6 | 78.4 ±6.0 | 0.159 |
| Z-score | 0.0 ± 1.0 | 0.6 ± 0.5 | −0.09 ± 0.07 | <0.001 | −0.03 ± 0.9 | 0.03 ± 1.0 | 0.159 |
SD, standard deviation; CES-D, Center of Epidemiological Studies—Depression; BMI, body mass index, BDRM: Rotterdam Study Basic Dementia Risk Model; CHARLS, China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study. a t-test for continuous variables and a chi-squared test for categorical variables between participants with sarcopenia and without sarcopenia. b Diseases included high blood pressure, diabetes mellitus, cancer, lung disease, heart problem, stroke, arthritis, liver disease, kidney disease, digestive disease, and asthma. Continuous variables are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD), and categorical variables are presented as absolute numbers and percentages.