Table 3.
Endothelial cell activation, circulating inflammatory cytokines, and markers of coagulation system activation at 3 months versus 18 months after recovery of acute COVID-19.
| Normal Range | T1 (+3 Months) | T2 (+18 Months) | p | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean ± SD | High, % | Mean ± SD | High, % | |||
| ET-1 | 0.87–1.61 pg/mL | 2.56 ± 1.42 | 68.3 | 1.44 ± 0.53 | 30.5 | <0.001 |
| VWF:Ag | ≤160% | 273.2 ± 138.3 | 81.0 | 244.2 ± 89.6 | 80.0 | 0.090 |
| IL-1RA | 100–400 pg/mL | 494.8 ± 383.0 | 47.9 | 363.5 ± 541.4 | 22.5 | <0.001 |
| IL-6 | 4.6–5.7 pg/mL [20] | 2.5 ± 2.6 | 3.7 | 4.0 ± 4.6 | 19.4 | 0.006 |
| IL-18 | 37–215 pg/mL | 307.0 ± 126.9 | 75.4 | 207.8 ± 126.5 | 34.5 | <0.001 |
| TAT | ≤4.0 μg/L | 4.9 ± 4.4 | 47.2 | 18.2 ± 11.4 | 95.7 | <0.001 |
| FVIIa:AT | 237.7–374.6 pg/mL | 411.9 ± 317.0 | 34.4 | 426.8 ± 356.0 | 35.0 | 0.005 |
| FIXa:AT | 187.3–265.9 pg/mL | 255.2 ± 66.0 | 27.6 | 234.6 ± 62.5 | 25.2 | <0.001 |
| FXIa:AT, | 7.0–12.5 pg/mL | 22.7 ± 85.2 | 16.0 | 15.3 ± 28.8 | 4.9 | <0.001 |
| FXIa:α1AT | 78.6–120.1 pg/mL | 163.4 ± 487.5 | 19.0 | 70.6 ± 6.8 | 0.6 | <0.001 |
| FXIa:C1inh | 176.7–396.7 pg/mL | 500.2 ± 1604.3 | 17.8 | 348.7 ± 814.0 | 11.7 | <0.001 |
ET-1 = endothelin-1; VWF:Ag = von Willebrand factor antigen; IL-1RA = interleukin 1 receptor antagonist; TAT = thrombin:antithrombin; F = factor; α1AT = alpha-1-antitrypsin; C1inh = C1-esterase-inhibitor.