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. 2023 Feb 15;24(4):3929. doi: 10.3390/ijms24043929

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© 2023 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Panel A: Bacteriophage behavior of SARS-CoV2 by immunofluorescence. Panel A–C: Dorea formicigenerans strains (DSM Numbers 3992) infected by SARS-CoV-2. Panel A shows the phase contrast image. Panel B shows an image of the Dorea F. cultures in which supernatant was added with SARS-COV-2, and antibodies against nucleocapsid proteins were detected. Panel C shows merged images: the rectangles numbered 1–11 show Dorea F. bacteria merging with the signal of nucleocapsid proteins of the virus. Scale bar, 5 μm. Panel D: SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein–fluorescence analysis in samples A₍_{1, 2….10)}. The graph shows the quantification of nucleocapsid fluorescence intensity expressed as integrated density within the analyzed samples. ** p < 0.01 versus Day 0. Panel E SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein fluorescence analysis in samples B_{(1,2,…..10)}. The graph shows the quantification of nucleocapsid fluorescence intensity expressed as integrated density within the analyzed samples. ** p < 0.01 **** p < 0.0001 versus Day 0. Panel F: gram-positive protein fluorescence analysis in samples C _{(1,2,…..10)}. The graph shows the quantification of gram-positive fluorescence intensity expressed as integrated density within the analyzed samples. **** p < 0.0001 versus Day 0. Panel G: SARS-CoV-2 spike protein fluorescence analysis in samples A _{(1, 2…..10)}. The graph shows the quantification of spike fluorescence intensity expressed as integrated density within the analyzed samples. **** p < 0.0001 versus Day 0. Panel H: SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein fluorescence analysis in samples A _{(1, 2…..10)} and B _{(1,2,…..10)}. The graph summarizes the quantification of nucleocapsid fluorescence intensity expressed as integrated density within the analyzed samples. ** p < 0.01 **** p < 0.0001 versus Day 0. Panel I: quantitative analysis of nucleocapsid signal in healthy patients confirms the absence of viral protein or at least a lower signal compared to B _(A+) patients.