Table 1.
Comparison of clinical features, echocardiographic parameters, inflammatory markers, and serum catecholamine levels between alive and dead patients.
| Data and Parameters | Overall Population (n = 71) |
Alive (n = 60) | Dead (n = 11) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Males, n (%) | 53 (74.6) | 44 (73.3) | 9 (81.1) |
| Age | 62.2 ± 10.9 | 61.1 ± 11.0 | 68.4 ± 8.2 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 29.85 ± 5.95 | 29.45 ± 4.08 | 35.07 ± 16.12 § |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 16 (22.5) | 15 (25) | 1 (9.1) |
| Arterial hypertension, n (%) | 39 (54.9) | 33 (55) | 6 (54.5) |
| Obesity, n (%) | 30 (42.3) | 25 (41.7) | 5 (45.5) |
| CAD, n (%) | 6 (8.4) | 5 (8.3) | 1 (9.1) |
| Chronic heart failure, n (%) | 1 (1.4) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (9.1) |
| COPD, n (%) | 4 (5.6) | 4 (6.7) | 0 (0.0) |
| CKD, n (%) | 3 (4.2) | 2 (3.3) | 1 (9.1) |
| β-blockers, n (%) | 17 (23.9) | 12 (20) | 5 (45.5) |
| ACEi, n (%) | 21 (29.6) | 18 (25) | 3 (27.3) |
| Septic shock, n (%) | 17 (23) | 8 (13.3) | 9 (81.8) * |
| Arrhythmias, n (%) | 13 (18.3) | 8 (13.3) | 5 (45.5) |
| SOFA score | 3.4 ± 1.1 | 3.3 ± 1.1 | 3.9 ± 1.0 |
| HR, bpm | 81.7 (±18.7) | 82.6 (±19.4) | 79.9 (±21.4) |
| SBP, mmHg | 136.3 ± 22.8 | 136.0 ± 22.3 | 137.6 ± 26.8 |
| MAP, mmHg | 93.6 (±12.8) | 94.3 (±12.7) | 89.8 (±13.7) § |
| Lactate, mmol/L | 1.14 (±0.52) | 2.80 (±0.48) | 1.23 (±0.69) * |
| pH | 7.39 ± 0.05 | 7.39 ± 0.05 | 7.38 ± 0.07 |
| PaO2/FiO2, mmHg | 152.7 ± 55.8 | 154.6 ± 58.7 | 141.2 ± 33.1 |
| PaCO2, mmHg | 36.3 ± 6.3 | 36.7 ± 5.9 | 36.0 ± 8.5 |
| FiO2, % | 68.0 ± 16.4 | 67.3 ± 16.8 | 72.0 ± 13.4 |
| PEEP, cmH2O | 11.6 ± 2.1 | 11.6 ± 2.1 | 12.0 ± 2.2 |
| LVEF, % | 50.4 (±7.9) | 52.0 (±5.8) | 42.1 (±11.6) § |
| TAPSE, mm | 17.9 (±1.9) | 18.1 (±1.6) | 16.9 (±3.3) |
| hs-TnI, ng/L | 11.00 [4.75–34.75] | 7.00 [4.00–25.75] | 24.50 [8.00–207.00] ¥ |
| Creatinine, mg/dL | 0.80 [0.63–0.98] | 0.75 [0.61–0.90] | 1.18 [0.87–1.70] § |
| PCT, ng/mL | 0.16 [0.05–0.43] | 0.15 [0.05–0.35] | 0.46 [0.12–1.16] |
| CRP, mg/dL | 9.92 [4.04–17.74] | 8.23 [3.48–12.45] | 27.80 [21.45–32.61] † |
| WBC | 8600 [5525–10,967] | 8600 [5922–11,525] | 7500 [4600–9800] |
| IL-6, pg/mL | 45.70 [21.58–125.16] |
37.88 [20.81–87.37] |
171.90 [128.16–200.23] * |
| Norepinephrine, ng/mL | 1886.00 [994.25–3313.25] |
1721.50 [940.00–2810.50] |
6152.00 [3614.75–9742.50] † |
| Epinephrine, ng/mL | 356.00 [243.50–542.00] |
399.00 [254.00–553.50] |
242.00 [197.75–489.75] |
| Dopamine, ng/mL | 460.00 [283.75–903.00] |
452.50 [266.50–776.50] |
809.00 [335.25–1122.50] |
Hemodynamic, hemogasanalysis and echocardiographic data are expressed as mean value (±standard deviation). Catecholamine levels, biochemistry parameters and inflammatory markers are expressed as median [interquartile range]. † p-value < 0.0001; * p-value < 0.001; § p-value < 0.01; ¥ p-value 0.02. Abbreviations: ACEi, angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor; BMI, body mass index; CAD, coronary artery disease; CKD, chronic kidney disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CRP, C-reactive protein; FiO2, fraction of inspired oxygen; hs-TnI, high-sensitivity troponin I; HR, heart rate; IL-6, interleukin 6; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; MAP, mean arterial pressure; PaCO2, partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood; PaO2, partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood; PCT, procalcitonin; PEEP, positive end-expiratory pressure; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TAPSE, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion; WBC, white blood cell.