Figure 2.

Demonstrates the role of GM in AD pathogenesis via GBA in both microbial balance and imbalance conditions. A healthy brain (left side) occurs due to a microbial balance condition in the intestine. It is affected by various factors, including the growth of beneficial bacteria, balanced SCFAs, eubiosis, increased neurotropic factors, anti-oxidant enzyme synthesis, anti-inflammatory cytokines, omega-3 fatty acids, polyphenols, dietary fibers, and lifestyle changes such as yoga and meditation;all of these factors contribute to brain health. A pathogen that causes Alzheimer’s disease when there is a microbial imbalance (right side). It may cause intestinal dysbiosis, immune dysregulation and inflammation, constipation (dietary fibers), decreased short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), etc. GM inflammasome proteins cause tau protein hyperphosphorylation and amyloid-load plaque formation in the brain, as well as inflammasome activation, resulting in systemic inflammation, neurodegeneration, cognitive impairment, and brain amyloidosis, thus leading to AD pathogenesis.